British Language And Culture Changing Customs In India History Essay

British lecture And Culture Changing Customs In India tale EssayThis establish provides investigation of British colonization on India over time with a research brain To what extent British nomenclature and culture contri b arlyed in transplant of springer in India? In devote to answer this head charge I wear narrowed down my research into few subtopics in order to easily re accede f actions which were source of modify of India and its results. The extent of British entice to India has been dealt with. The British regulated and changed the structure of India before the colonization and still refer it even if it is non al ways evident. This field studied and researched in take up branches as linguistics, history and law with the briny sources for this investigation macrocosm anthropological and history books and study cases. Various articles and study cases from British media arouse been bear witnessd as sanitary.Throughout the research, the influence of British c olonization to India has gener all(prenominal) in ally been displayed to a greater extent than than clear from diachronic research, where in order to at a lower placestand site of India and Indians outrightadays we soak up to go back in prehistorical and search the reason, source of situation which ca utilize result, India as it is immediately. Manipulative skills of British were well cognize as their outline to control colonised coun deform not completely their land precisely as well their minds, the way of their thinking even afterwards they had left. This British outline/skill moved(p) India near and it may not be seen at first when bequest India is being watched. However it may be seen and mum when India is studied with diachronically. This is wherefore it may be said that there atomic number 18 no solid rises of methods how the British influenced India. Seeing them depends on the tip we take.T fitted of ContentsBibliography 24IntroductionBritish colonization of India has attracted me since my childhood. coarse Britain is a expanse which has always been taken as an example of a coun show with a great cultural heritage. On the other emplacement there is India, a country with a great history, lot of moralitys, colours, music, food- a cradle of civilization. My research question has developed by reading nearly the books Gardens of Baldapur, Beneath a Marble Sky A Love Story, India Passion, Diaries of Ana Delgado where the influence of the1British Raj on the India relegates establishment and the behaviour of maharajahhs are described.This essay leave investigate how the British colonization influenced various aspects in India with. The follows research question To what extent British words and culture contributed in change of customs duty in India?To answer it I have concentrated on a few sub topics. Firstly, I have the historical background has been explored to sire a clear image of Britain and India of that time and present India. Secondly, subtopics which are evidences of British influence have been analyzed in depth. Historical background has been used to prove how British did influence India. Case studies with themes from sub topics have been examined. Books Colonialism and its forms of acquaintance the British in India Cultural Anthropology A Problem-Based Approach Cultural Anthropology History and culture of India and Five Key Concepts in Anthropological Thinking. Study cases of Somini Sengupta, Indian women careers and British Colonialism and its influence on Indian nightspot were examined.In order to answer my research question I have used encyclopaedias and essays from the internet, books and al put in d i study cases. In essays and books critical overview of this issue is given. in all above menti 1d literature helped me to better know India as a country, then(prenominal) to examine the period of British colonization and terminally to gather enough entropy to present influences of Britain to India.Historical backgroundThe colonization of Asia by European countries carried diffusion, migration, and colonialism, which created European cultural influence.2Britain colonized India after defeating Gurkha (1816.), Sindha (1843.) and Sikha (1849.). India is specific by its complicity and mixes of different devotions, customs rituals, and languages, which were product of active history, revitalization movements and cultural ecology that were present on the Indian subcontinent. Presence of colonization, Britain (British East India Company) or later British Raj wanted revitalization movements where each religious and ethnic crowd had to change its rituals time cultural ecology wanted respect towards cultures. India was too somebodyable to Britain because of its resources and profound geostrategic position.The industrial resources abundant of India are cotton, wool, tea, sugar, rice, silks, saltpetre, indigo, opium and metal. Geostrategic ally it was death t o many an(prenominal) thriving countries of that period and Europeans did not have a upright trade with China where opium was illegal India had good relations with China. slope language and Britain itself had a major influence in India where changing culture, customs, language, educational and smart set systems transformed. India may shortly be described by next twain quotationsMark Twain once said India is the cradle of human race, the kind of speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grandmother of tradition.3The culture of India has been shaped by the long history of India, its unique geography and the absorption of customs, traditions and ideas from some of its neighbours as well as by preserving its ancient heritages, which were formed during the Indus Valley refining and evolved further during the Vedic age, rise and decline of Buddhism, Golden age, Muslim conquests and European colonization. Indias great diversity of cultural practices, lan guages, customs, and traditions are examples of this unique co-mingling over the past phoebe bird millennia. India is withal the birth place of several religious systems much(prenominal) as Hindiism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism, some of which have had a large influence in other parts of the world. 4British culture and Indian cultures have a great contrast mingled with each other. British culture is simpler if compared to Indian culture. Hindooism is polytheistic religion of majority of the Indian existence believe in. Indian life storystyle system is formed around castes abolished in 1949. but strongly encoded in the structure of society and the thoughts of mass. The contrivecasteis derived from thePortuguesewordcasta, significancelineage,breedorrace. It is the agency which controls the structure of Hindu society. How did this change when the British colonized-came to India?Law SystemThe law system in India under the British colonial rule and after would be explained in this paragraph. Firstly, Britain affected the previous structure of the society of India, consisted of maharajas cardinals who had power over states which they owned still of Muslims, Sikhs and Hinduists and their presence changed from region to region and maharajas were the bingles who were controlling religion masses and decision making some peace. They were making structure of their states so it may mould beat for each religious group.Maharajas were kings which were core of society if the majority of population of wizardness state were affiliated to one religious group for example Hinduisam then structure of state is way out to be organized fit in to rules of that religion in this case caste system but the minority is as well as release to live concord to their religion rules but withal try to adapt to rules of majority. After being under the rule of British pudding stone since 1858. until 1947.structure of Indian society changed a lot. British are well known b y their diplomacy and when they came to India they changed structure society in order to turn benefits.Firstly, the maharajas were not kings anymore, they got lower position in the society and they became princes. The highest position had top executive Victoria and by this they were showing their power over Indians. Maharajas did not totally lose their position but they also lost their power of regnant over their states and citizens, their each action had to be consulted and permitted by the British government. British allowed Indians to live their lives as they did before only to the extent that it did not foil British customs and law. British did not encourage close relationships amongst British and Indians. Maharajas were not allowed to visit foreign countries especially European countries without liberty of British Raj. British not only control conduct their lives as princes but also their personal lives example is when5Maharaja SirJagatjit Singh BahadurofKapurthalawanted to marry his fifth married woman Anita Delgado which was Spanish had to take permission from British to be accepted as legal wife even if she was already his legal wife according to Sikhs laws and this marriage did not have permission of British and she never was allowed to put down in gatherings with core of British government. Another example with like maharaja is when he was going on his trip to Europe he had to expect permission for taking his second wife with him and he was not allowed to.6Indians have been following the British Legal system which made their business relations with British and other International industries easier. This is because Britain colonized more countries than other European countries did and by that structure of their society, governing system, language became used by most of colonized countries. This is reason why British Law System was used. style and EducationIndia is country reach in languages the number of individual languages listed for India is 452, of those, 438 are living languages and 14 have no known speakers7. English has survive one of the main languages in India, taught in naturalises and used widely in business transactions. In order to have easier communication between all parts of India, English and Hindu were chosen as deuce ordained languages. English was now a language of India as the whole country and it had broken the language barriers which were present before and also being one of the business languages of the world made and still makes trading much easier.The British knew psychology well therefore they used it to influence mind and the way of thinking of children rather than trying to influence their parents who had already been mature.The first British schools in India- run by missionaries- were established around 1820, the number of British-education was growing. Indians had adapt up Hindu Colleges providing English education as well as mathematics, natural sciences and westbound philosophy.8Th e aim of attending a British school was often the admission to the Indian civil service. The British education was financed by the EIC and later the government and they were neither traceing nor supporting the institutions teaching Indian education. As mentioned above, education was the easiest way to buzz off Indians think like the British, because if children of five spend the whole day in atmosphere and surrounding where English is spoken and finished the books, then they start behaving as British people and they are be advent British in mind.This example easily may be seen in case of maharajas and their children who were educated in British schools in India or sent to Britain to improve their knowledge. After child grows up and returns to his mother country it does not know much about identity element and tradition of India. They only think as they are thought and that is the only way as it is.Maharaja SirJagatjit Singh BahadurofKapurthalawas one of the maharajas who sent t heir children to Britain for search of better education but later there arose a big conflict when his children grow up and get back to India, they questioned where they belong because they did not understand tradition of India and its complicity in comparison to Britain were they grew but again they were not accepted there also because they are the Indians. As soon as possible they would become princes they would change the laws which they thought are un measurable to everyone. merely society could not feed without those laws because maharaja was seeing his state as Britain and he never matte up and tried to understand Indian multiculturalism and as society could not function without those laws and were reason of upcoming conflicts.An Indian would first go to a bank primary school then to Anglo- vernacular high schools and then after to colleges and few universities which were available in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay.British education produced build of intellectuals who were re ady to change subcontinent India. Most of the students were Hindus and many of them Brahmins because Muslims rejected the British educational programs because of blemish which was done to them because of changing Muslim law system Sharia to British law system and before official Mughal emperors Persian language to English. But at the end they were those who lost chance for improving their education this was one of the reasons why conflicts could not be solved.The British rulers found the Muslims generally more suspicious also because considering them more responsible for the9Sepoy Mutiny in 1857- , led to an unbalanced distribution of British education. Because of higher degree of their education Indians had more power in politics than Muslims did. From this fact it may be seen that politicians were by and large Hindus rattling Brahmins highest cast and know it was controlling the political circle and that is how language affected religion and then nationalism. Brahmins encouraged religious reforms as well as political ones. From this fact it may be said that Muslims actually had no relevant class which would represent their ideas and protect their interests so they had no chance for understanding the situation in which they were and this affected much them in periods of endeavor for independence. Previously education was seen as boundary between all people on Indian subcontinent but later when they understood the meaning of independence and democracy as well as other Western ideas and values their knowledge become as the basis for later struggle for independence and human rights. Today Indians are one of the best grammatically correct English speakers and they are owners of schools with high degrees and they today have a high percentage of people finished higher educational system. pietyDuring their colonial presence the Protestant British had much religious influence on Indian society. Christianity firstly was introduced in 50 A.D. by coming of the Apost le Thomas in order to establish the Christian church.10Lately came also with Portuguese and British. One of the aims of British was to substitute Indians to Christianity it may be seen from discipline of independence which was madeTill India is leavened with Christianity she will be disincline for freedom.11They knew that converting of Indians to Christianity would not be easy because of influence and presence of Muslims. Hindus were very attractive to missionaries in sense that they have already distinction in their religion and imbalance which may be used as argument why they should convert to Christianity. This fact of cast system and untouchables die unstateded because British would give everything what they choose to untouchables as equality, education, freedom which they never had before. Missionaries were very successful in their converting and this was one of the reasons of12Sepoy Munity in 1857. Because soldiers had to fear that the Christian missionaries wanted them to be forced to touch polluted weaponry13in order to have them expelled from their caste and to convert them to Christianity.14Missionaries demanded that the government destroy the caste system because it is barrier in between Indian Christians and rest of society. But for British government is was more meaning(a) to get profit and then if it is possible convert Indians. Some of Hindus were acting that they converted in order to get benefits there are many examples how they were discovered while they children were going to school and talking about Hindu legends. So at the end there actually made Indian mosaic of cultures more complicated than before and base for nationalism in future.SportsCricket was introduced to Indians via British and firstly was played by higher classes and casts. It is now in India as traditional sport and their national team is being arguably the best in the world.Architecture and TransportBritish also influenced Indian architecture and transport which was constructed mostly by maharajas which were raised in Britain. Firstly Britain made railways in India because of easier transport of cotton and other textiles. Railways not only were transport lines but they also brought fortune and misfortune to places and states where it was opened. Railways were outlet through the land of maharajas so permission was asked and if there would be a railway in one state it would also mean that they are going to have strangers in their state mostly and that they are going to have to care about them. It was also issue while British representatives were coming or even passing special ceremony had to be made but that led to high costs and loses of state budget. As state is available to visitors it was also available to robbers and led to expand of infective diseases. British introduced secular buildings in neo- classical and neo gothic styles. Their famed creations are Victoria Station15which was made in honour of the British Empress of India. Edwin Lu tyens architect planned cityscape in New Delhi.16Caste SystemIn the Indian companionable structure there are four varna or colours which are class categories in the Indian society.Castes are groups in which membership is given at birth and which is lifelong. They are divided in five major categories (varna). Each varna has sub- castes jati. People that belong in one caste, can only marry someone in their castes and this practice is called endogamy. If person form higher castes get in touch with lower castes he becomes impure and has to go and bath in scared river Gang. Also there is Sudras a caste which is the lowest class and they are untouchable because they are considered as nothing, just sand. They are not allowed to be educated and cipher in anyway except remove dead bodies of animals or resuscitate water sinks which cannot be done by the higher castes. Higher castes were the Brahmins, priests whose life purpose is teaching, and under them were the Kshattriya castes whose me mbers could operate on as soldiers, politicians, and administrators.There is sometimes a fifth varna untouchables called pariahs or dalit they are at the bottom of the class system. They work as low servants, doing jobs a Hindu is usually forbidden to do, e.g. entombment bodies of animals and unclaimed dead humans.They are considered polluted by caste Hindus and these may not have contact with them and they are also called unseen because they work at night.Concept of purity is very important in Hinduism because do of purity decides in which caste someone belongs. Hindu belief is when one of the higher four varna gets in touch with polluted thing or dalit is temporarily impure and impurity brings bed luck.The main difference between the British and the Indian social values and a central channelize of influence creating social structure was opposite of British individualism and Indian group behaviour and hierarchy. Structure of these two societies is completely different. In Hindu Society core of society is group and individuals around are assay to fit in that group were bigger groups are consisting of smaller ones. In period of colonialism Indian side did not have individual identity they had a group identity. Western Society core is person as individual which may be part of group or not and their individualism was always placed above a social group.It is hard to say how strong the British individualistic influence actually was, through it seems to be very likely that it came indirectly to the people of India through the British education. Today is becoming more individualistic society and examples are going to be mentioned in further reading.HierarchyHierarchy is very important in Indian society and their hierarchical composition is not greenness and same as is other societies is. There are three main criteria first is belonging to one religion group, second post according wealth and profession (materialistic), and then cast system further socio-econom ic class also may be done with gender and race. Mostly their social hierarchy over history is formed around religion it may be seen from Moghul Empire and British colonization. There is a group hierarchy then hierarchy within a family age and gender. All these hierarchies are core of their society even today when cast system is forbidden it may be said that it transformed to rigid class system. While India was hierarchical society Britain and Europe were in process of Enlightenment. baron Victoria announced a declaration of non- interference, constituting that Indian religions and customs would be left alone.17This statement had fundamental flaw the British knowledge concerning Indian religion and customs was very limited. Educational programs, the British influenced the Indian society possibly the best way there is without force.The Indians had the chance to experience a more equal treatment and learned in British schools theoretically about it. Lower casts tried to act the behavio ur of higher caste people. This act is called Sanskrititazion in order to get upward(a) in class and caste. Sanskrititazion means that people of low status adopt the behaviours and attributes of castes of Brahminical status mentioned in religious texts in Sanskrit.18By coming of British this act is replaced by westernization were Indians imitate the prestigious Englishmen in order to more upward in the social hierarchy. The census officials were recording a statistical info about Indians they were doing questionnaires which include gender, living condition, nationality, race, tribe, religion and caste. By results of this research they could get whole picture of Indian society.Human rightsIndia is one of the countries in which this theme is spoken mostly. India has problems with nationalism, racism, gender inequality, death punishment. British rose awareness about human rights by educating Indians. Before and in nowadays still sati ritual is preformed in rural areas that is a ritual were a husband dies his family is allowed to drop his alive wife with him. Hindus are scarifying people for getting a pity of gods. Performance of these rituals is punishable for years but it is still present.Gender inequality also was present but in nowadays women have her freedom and right to chose what she wants and they allowed to work. In some cases permission of parents and husband is needed. Nationalism is present since British colonized India and took maharajas their power of ruling. These problems arose because of setting laws which are not applicable for this complex society and they are given by British.ConclusionTo conclude this essay I will repeat the research question and try to answer it from here To what extent British language and culture contributed in change of customs in India?The British are known for their dainty and strategical ways of fighting. During colonization, many powers invested a lot of money in building memorials and other architecture that resem bled their style and culture and in this way they celebrated their accomplishements and made sure everyone knew that they were the ones that are ruling that region. The British, however, did not have that kind of an approach. They invested in colonizing the country (India) when they knew that they would have benefits from that.The British had more strategies and plans for the art of the colonized land. For example, the first phase was sending out missionaries that would convert the population of that region into Christians. This strategy was only possible for Sudan but not for India in which religion was the core of society and their attempts at converting were unsuccessful. Their next phase was commit money in building railways where they would be able to export the resources from India to Europe. In addition, they have also invested in education where they would attempt at influencing the Indians minds and their thinking. Because of all these reasons, it was very hard to say and find physical evidence that the British had an impact on India. If we research India today, it is difficult to say if the way India is today is because of the impact of globalization or because of British influence.19Franz Boas researched movements of people from Europe to the States and he said that parents who came from Europe differ from their children who were born in the States by the way they act because they did not grow in the same environment, circumstances and family background. From anthropological ideology there have to be something changed through the years in India and even if it is not seen clearly.Also, we cannot find physical evidence of their psyhcological influence if we study and research the present. However, by studying India diachronically and holistically, we would be able to find evidences of British influence.After East India Company, Britsh Raj and all movements for independence final outcome was division of country according to their religion belonging t o India Hindu believers and Pakistan Muslim believers. India chose to be a secular country. British made a base for nationalism which arose and made huge conflict between two major religious groups in India. British Raj fall affected India economically and still is affecting. It took a long time for the Indians to come out of poverty. The British looted many natural resources including cotton and wool.Poverty is also present because of huge changes in country their core of society is no more religion and their rules are made according to democracy and human rights. At end I may conclude that British had positive and invalidating influences on Indian subcontinent but without those influences India would not be what it is today.

Analysis on Postmodernist Shrek

Analysis on Postmodernist ShrekUsually, in most of the handed-downistic fairy tales, ogre is use upd to be the man-eating beast and the prince is use to birth the princess and then live happily together ever after. However, in the eon of the celluloid Shrek, especially Shrek I, the makers use decipherable devices to reverse this tradition and use three basic elements to show the idea of postmodernism, i.e. ironical interfacing, intertextuality, and self-reflexivity. Lets begin by explaining the first one, ironic interfacing.To begin with, Shrek I includes a lot of ironic interfacing and one is that its lack of a narrator. Unlike separate tales, it is told in a linear custom, but non from the point of view of an omniscient narrator. The narrative in fact is told through the interactions and dialogue of the central characters, like in the film Shrek, we need to know what Shrek and Donkey would do by ceremonial occasion their action and conversation. It is non-linear narrative technique. But in those Disney movies, for lawsuit in deoxycytidine monophosphate White, theres always a narrator telling the audience what is going to exit next and he is omniscient. It results the ironic interfacing betwixt the characters and the authors.Also, at the end of the movie Shrek I, all the audiences see that Shrek, the main character discovers the camera and lots of audiences watching him. Therefore, he turns away the camera and uses his hand to block it before he kisses Fiona. It apprize be considered as ironic interfacing because it shows the unconventional interaction between the author and Shrek. What Shrek does in the movie lets us recognize that he laughingstock look at the audiences and the author through the known camera. So he knows how to maintain his privacy during kissing with Fiona by blocking their view.Besides, from this scene, we all preempt see clearly that the animation conjunction makes use of Shrek to bemock the traditional Disney stories and genre. Shrek uses the stereotypical way of Disney movies and fairytales, which is utilize to create the distance between the subject and the reality. This acts as inviting the viewers to enter another world, a world that can only exist in the stories but not in real. Thus, the company uses it to mimic Disney by including the stories traditional beginning, which Disney always uses. This does not only mock Disney but also helps us to see the unreal world and in the realism of a fairytale.Another stronger example showing Shrek includes ironic interfacing is at the actually first part of the movie. At the beginning of the movie, Shrek starts just as a typical Disney cliche fairytale by opening a book and starts with these few words Once upon a time, there is an imprisoned princess waiting for her true love this kind of old style of tales. However, theres a green hand suddenly rips a page from the book, uses it to wipe his posterior and Shrek interrupts it and said to the audie nces, Yeah, right This scene strongly shows us the ironic status between the characters and the author. Those be the examples of ironic interfacing in Shrek.Next, we atomic number 18 going to guggle about intertextuality. Intertextuality means that there are countless references to other movies, texts, plays, and even so some parts of the other movies. Especially in Shrek III, there are several main animated Disney characters appearing in the film, but not in their usual form. By referring these Disney characters, the film requires us to have a self-conscious awareness of something that is used to be. Like Snow White and the other princess appearing in the movie, normally they are very delicate and used to be rescued. However, this time, they rescue themselves when they are imprisoned.Also, in Shrek I, Fiona is imprisoned in a castle with a dragon guarding her. In most of the Disney movies, the princesses are used to be so delicate that they cant gift and rescue themselves. Bu t, we apprisal that Fiona is different from them, as she knows Karate. And the only reason why she does not leave is that she imagines the traditional fairy tale happening to her so she has to wait for her prince. It mocks the Disney movies that those princesses are not really delicate.Furthermore, Shrek has also obtained some scenes from other movies, for example Fiona freezes in the mid-air like Neo in The Matrix Shrek fights in a beer-covered ring, qualification reference to Transporter, Gladiator etc.Last but not least, lets sing about self-reflexivity. At the end of the movie, Shrek discovers that there is a camera shoot at him and Fiona and it means that hes aware of the narrative mechanics or storytelling techniques of traditional fairy tales.Besides, at the beginning of the movie, when Shrek is hunted and chase by the people, he shouts at them and whispers, This is the part you should sour away. Although this scene does not directly deck that the character does takes n otice of the filmmaking process or the camera, it is still a very strong example of self-reflexivity. What he has said does not only actuate that group of people how to react, but also reminds the audiences that normally people should run after the ogre yells at them. It shows that Shrek is conscious of the traditional circumstance in fairy tales.In addition, when we focus on the menu of the movie Shrek, it contains elaborate that recognizes you its a movie. Especially when you want to play the movie press the meet button, theres a pig coming out and shouting, Play the movie. It does let you agnise that it is a movie.All in all, Shrek is a very excellent example of movies showing postmodernism as the filmmakers has included ironic interfacing, intertextuality, and self-reflexivity. If you want to analyze the study postmodern and feel bored of watching The Simpsons again, Shrek will be a great suggestion for you.

Composition of Hydrocarbons

Composition of Hydro cokesSamerah Mansha chemistry Hydrocarbons fundamental compounds ar jots comprising of both carbon and enthalpy atoms. These compounds can be found as gaseous, liquid, or solid.Organic compounds argon vital in life exercisees as they be found in the products we hold daily much(prenominal) as soap, cosmetics, perfumes, plastics, rubber, paper, insecticides. The source of qualification we use everyday such as petroleum and coal contain constituent(a) compounds. Foods such as margarines and flavourings that we taste atomic number 18 the organic compounds interrelating with our taste buds.Scents in perfumes and food that we detect with our nose ar organic compounds interrelating with our receptors. The main cause of organic compounds be hydrocarbons, which ar chemical substance compounds compromising of carbon and enthalpy atoms. Alkanes and alkenes argon both types of hydrocarbons.Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons delinquent to containing the full kernel of enthalpy atoms possible. Alkanes too contain integrity flummoxs. The overall formula of an alkane isCnH2n+2, where n shows the quantity of carbon atoms testify.The chemical and structural formula of alkanes (see formula 1).Isomers are molecules with an identical chemical formula, solely differ in basis of having polar structural formula imputable to varied arrangement of atoms, isomers also have unalike properties.The isomer of butane C4H10, is 2 methyl group-propane. (See send off 2)These 2 compounds are isomers of each another(prenominal) due to having the uniform chemical formula of C4H10, but vary in terms of having different structural formula. The above propane has an added methyl group, thus called methyl propane.The isomers of hexane C6H14, (see work out 3)The isomers of pentane C5H12, (see figure 4) A homologic serial publication is merely a group of organic chemical compounds which is ordered in increasing size, such as having similar structures but only differ slightly by a CH2 group deep down their chain. A series of compounds which are cerebrate like alkanes are cognize as homologic series. This is because alkanes have the same general formulas of CnH2n+2, but differ from the next CH2 unit. All the alkanes in the homologous series have similar chemical properties, but have different physical properties such as boiling point and density attach as the number of carbons atoms increase.Name of AlkaneNumber Carbon atoms chemical FormulaSimple Structure (Molecular Diagram)Methane1C H4Ethane2ethanePropane3C3H8Butane4C4H10Pentane5C5H12Hexane6C6H14Heptane7C7H16Octane8C8H18Nonane9C9H20Decane10C10H22 innovation 5 Example of a homologous series of alkanes with structure of CnH2n+2, Ivy Rose, (n.d)2.4, 2.5 As alkanes are saturate hydrocarbons, they are deemed un activated due to containing single hampers such as C-H and C-C bonds which are pipe down strong and difficult to break due to the strong intermolecular force. yet th e only ways alkanes are able to react is via burning, chlorination and scissure.Combustion is exothermal fulfil and is known burning of carbon compounds, in particular hydrocarbons is a vital source of heat postal code. For framework by combusting alkanes with oxygen it releases energy which can be instantaneously be used as fuels. In combustion of alkanes such as propane, every single covalent bond within the reactants is broken in down and forms a new set of covalent bonds within the products. The balanced formula isCH3-CH2-CH3 + 5 O23 CO2 + 4 irrigate + heatCombustion also producescarbon dioxideand watervapour which is shown above. other example of combustion of methaneCH4(g) + 2O2(g)CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)(Methane + group OCarbon dioxide + Water)If there is not enough oxygen supply within the air, because this would result then would form carbon monoxide gas which is poisons. For example, the infra equation shows the partial combustion of methane due to lack of oxygen pres ent2CH4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO(g)+ 4H2O(g)(Methane + Oxygen Carbon monoxide + Water) tho the burning of alkanes has the potential to cause many a(prenominal) enviromental problems, such as the toxic waste gas carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons which are present in cat emissions. Additional excessive combustion of hydrocarbons increases carbon dioxide emissions which contribute to the greenhouse effect.another(prenominal) reaction of alkanes is called chlorination which is the when alkanes react with chlorine. For example, when the alkane methane and chlorine react together, the enthalpy atoms of the methane are simply replaced whizz by wiz by chlorine atoms. Thus forming a combination of compounds of chloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloromethane. foreshadow6 Reaction and products that occur between methane and chlorine, Chem Guide, (2000)Some fuels which are do from oil mixtures contain tumid hydrocarbon molecules which are not useful, as they do not flow easily and are quiet difficult to ignite. This is when the process of the cracking, a thermal decompositionreaction comes in.The process of cracking allows big hydrocarbon molecules to be broken down into much smaller and more useful hydrocarbon molecules. This is achieved by the large hydrocarbon molecules being vaporised and put in a hot catalyst which breakdowns the chemical bonds within molecules thus forming smaller hydrocarbon molecules. For example in the cracking process of the alkane hexane, a smaller alkane is create plus an alkene. The alkene is formed because the alkane which is this case is the hexane does not contain enough hydrogen atoms in order to produce another alkane..C6H14 C4H10 + C2H4Figure 7 The cracking reaction of the alkane hexane, BBC Bitesize, (n.d)3.1 Alkenes are also hydrocarbons compromising of carbon and hydrogen atoms, but also have one and only(a) or more take over bonds present within the carbon chain. Alkenes are also a series of compou nds within a homologous series but have a different general formula of CnH2n.Examples of alkenes and their chemical and structural formula (See figure 8)Geometrical isomerisms are formed when atoms or groups of molecules are arranged in a different way due to limited amount of whirling of the bond or bonds within a molecule.For example, there are two geometrical isomers for the alkene 2-butene, as there are two different spatial arrangements of methyl groups and prototype bond, thus forming geometrical isomers called cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, these are formed because the CH3 groups are found on icy of the bivalent bond. (See figure 9)Another example is the 1,2-dichloroethene, forms the trans-1,2 dichoethne and Cis-1,2 dichroloethee gemotical isomers, (See figure 10)One of the isomer, the two chlorine atoms are locked upon opposite sides of double bond, thus called theTransisomer whereas in the other isomer the two chlorine atoms are locked within the same side of the dou ble bond thus known as cisisomer. (See figure 10).3.2, 3.3 A single covalent bond is simply when one pair of electrons (2 electrons) are shared amongst two atoms. It typically consists of one sigma bond. On the other hand, bonds with more than one mutual pair of electrons are called multiple bonds, in particular sharing two pairs of electrons is called a double bond where 4 electrons are covalently bonded together, the double bonds typically comprises of one sigma and one pi bond.Alkanes are saturated compounds with single covalent sigma bonds, thus are more stable than alkenes as high amount of energy would be needed to break these. Alkenes are unsaturated with the presence of carbon-carbon pi-bonds and sigma bonds which connects to carbon atoms which makes them exceedingly more reactive than alkanes due to the existence of double bonds and because they are unsound as they want to achieve full saturation. Another reason alkenes are ore reactive is because in double bond there is a alone(predicate) pair of free electrons which is easily lost thus highly reactive as its easily lost in order to be covalently single bonded Thus when alkenes react in such reactions such as combustion or admissions, it mainly involves the rupture of the pi bond, thus forming newsingle bonds. Within the alkenes, the double bond allows more electrons to be put into the marrowing within the two carbon atoms, thus held less strongly making them more probable to react with less input of energy needed to overcome the activating energy of reaction3.4, 3.5 The main reaction of alkenes is the addition reaction which occurs due to the extra electron found within the C=C double bond which causes alkenes to be attacked by species called electrophiles in which like positve charged electrons. cod to the electrophile having an positive charge it is attracted towards the alkene which causes the electrons within the pi bond to break, then electrons from it are used in order to form a bond t o the positive end joining the two carbon atoms to other things.Figure 11 Example of an addition reaction using X-Y, Chem guide, (2003)Another example of addition reactions is hydrogen and hydrogen chloride.ethene +hydrogenethane = C2H4+H2C2H6Due to alkenes containing pi-bonds (double or triple) which can be broken easily due to their overlay, it makes them the prime target for addition reaction, which stabilises the molecular orbitals by forming sigma-bonds, which are stronger.Another example ofan addition reactionis the atomic number 35 test which is simply used in order to tell the difference between an alkane and an alkene.Alkenes undergo an addition reaction when combined with atomic number 35 water which is usually orangey- dark-brown in colour, but when it is shaken with an alkene, the solution becomes colourless as alkene decolourise bromine water as it reacts with the double bond, which indicates the presence of a pi bond. However if bromine water was shaken with an alkan e, the bromine water remains brown as there is no double bond presentFor example, the bromine is decolourised because a colourless dibromethane compound forms. For exampleethene + bromine dibromoethaneC2H4+ Br2 C2H4Br2 (See figure 12)3.6 Polymerisation is an important reaction of alkenes. During polymerisation all the atoms within the alkenes are used to form a polymer, a polymer is a large long-chain of molecule of repeated units which formed when smaller molecule called monomers join together. For example, several chloroethene monomers join end-to-end to make poly(chloroethene), which is also known as PVC via the polymerisation process. (See figure 13)Figure 14 Addition polymerisation reaction, BBC Bitesize, (n.d)Alkenes act as monomer due to the presence of the double bond. Different polymers have different properties, so they have different uses which make them important in everyday life. For example, the polymer polyethene is normally used to make plastic bags and bottles, whereas polyproper is used to make crated and ropes and polycholorethene is uses in water pipes and commonly in insulation of electricity cables.However regardless of the uses of polymers being useful their disposal creates various problems, due to being non-biodegradable, because being stable to majority of chemicals and bacteria. However can only be recycled, but this is a costly process. They can also be burnt which does produce energy but again produces toxic fumes.ReferencesAccelerated Study Notes, (n.d), Alkenes, on-line, operational at http//www.acceleratedstudynotes.com/ib/chemistry-ib/ib-chemistry-alkenes/, Accessed on 16/05/15.Barry Gray, (2006), Organic Chemistry and the Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes, on-line, available at http//www.barrygray.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Tutoring/OrgC.html, Accessed on 18/05/15.BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Alkanes, on-line, unattached at http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/ recognition/aqa/crudeoil/crudeoilrev1.shtml, Accessed on 16/05/15.BBC Bi tesize, (n.d), Polymerisation, on-line, Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c_pre_2011/materials/chemicalscrudeoilrev3.shtml, Accessed on 11/06/15.BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Polymers and ethanol from oil Cracking, on-line, Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/oils/polymersrev1.shtml, Accessed on 16/05/15.BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Polymers and ethanol, on-line, Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/substancesfromcrudeoil/polymersandethanolrev1.shtml, Accessed on 14/06/15.BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Properties of Alkanes, on-line, Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/chemistry/materialsfromoil/hydrocarbons/ decree/3/, Accessed on 15/06/15.Boundless, (n.d), Reactions of alkenes and alkynes, on-line, Available at https//www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/organic-chemistry-23/alkenes-and-alkynes-164/reactions-of-alkenes-and-alkynes-633-3626/, Accessed on 15/06/15.Che m Guide, (2000), Multiple substitutions in the methane and chlorine reaction, on-line, Available at http//www.chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/freerad/multisubcl.html, Accessed on 18/05/15.Chem Guide, (2003), Introducing Alkenes, on-line, Available at http//www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkenes/background.html, Accessed on 15/05/15.Chem guide, (2012), morphologic Isomerism, on-line, Available at http//www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/structural.html, Accessed on 12/05/15.Chem Guide, (n.d), The halogenation of alkanes, on-line, Available at http//www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkanes/halogenation.html, Accessed on 16/05/15.Chem Wiki, (n.d), Cis Trans Isomers of Alkanes, on-line, Available at http//chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Structure_of_Organic_Molecules/Cis_and_Trans_Isomers_of_Alkanes, Accessed on 14/05/15.Chem Wiki, (n.d), Geometric Isomerism in Organic Molecules, on-line, Available athttp//chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Isomer ism_in_Organic_Compounds/Geometric_Isomerism_in_Organic_Molecules, Accessed on 14/05/15.Chemistry Msu,(2013), Reactions of Alkenes, on-line, Available at http//www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/addene1.htm, Accessed on 15/05/15.Cliffs Notes, (n.d), Alkenes Molecular and Structural Formulas, on-line, Available at http//www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/chemistry/organic-chemistry-i/structure-and-properties-of-alkenes/alkenes-molecular-and-structural-formulas, Accessed on 16/06/15.Ivy Rose, (n.d), homologic Series, on-line, Available at http//www.ivyroses.com/Chemistry/Organic/Homologous-Series.php, Accessed on 17/05/15.Organic Chemistry Blog,(2012), Organic chemistry in everyday life, on-line, Available at http//organicchemistryucsi.blogspot.co.uk/, Accessed on 16/05/15.Organic Chemistry, (n.d), Polymerisation of Alkenes, on-line, Available at http//www.organicchemistry.com/polymerization-of-alkenes/, Accessed o 15/05/15.

The Death Penalty Deterrence And Morality Philosophy Essay

The closing penalisation Deterrence And worship Philosophy Essay in that respect shop up been numerous studies illustrating that the final stage penalisation does in fact admonish attain. How ever so, due to recent reanalysis and new(prenominal)wise in the raw studies which prove that there argon many statistical smirchs in those studies. This re hurlation will address the misconceptions of discouragerence to complete place by federal agency of proper(a) to manner and will discuss how honor equals is nevertheless eccentric to abate the goal penalization. It is statistic completelyy turn up that enunciates within the trounce together enjoins of the lands who film abolished the end punishment, conf expenditure lower tally rates than states that follow up the conk penalization. This writing will draw a comparative degree discover in the midst of the unify maintains and Canada. Since Canada abolished the finish punishment in 1976, it has seen drastic descends in performance. This paper will also bring discloseline on how the united Nations take away been integrated into the regaining of the cobblers last penalization. What strategies and steps they eat taken to abolish it worldwide. The analysis from this paper will illustrate that the info from the historic in regards to claims of deterrence ar a statistical artifact of the anomalous nature. posterior reading this paper, genius should have a expectant deal of knowledge has to why the demolition penalization does non deter get through and how morality should be an antiquate reason to abolish the last punishment.IntroductionThe finale penalisation is a form of punishment against the most monstrous of crimes utilise in 84 countries. Does the fact that men have judged soulfulness to be guilty of a crime give them the remedy to take the purport of that individual? Are gay beingnesss born with a rectify to life, or do their repair a ction at laws whether or non they should live a nonher daylight? There is the issue of government having the power to say who is allowed to live and who argon resign to decease according to the fairnesss of the country. These be all gestures that are hotly debated when the subject of the close punishment and kind-hearted rights comes up. The close penalization is loosely only imposed on those individuals that have taken the lives of other human beings in a premeditated manner. There is the argument that the devastation penalization is acceptable in these circumstances because the dupe that the perpetrator bolt downed did non astound to choose whether or non they would like to live. The criminal that is being regularise to decease is guilty of fetching the right to live by from the battalion they murdered so the government of their country feels for arbiter purpose it is finely for them to take the life of the criminal. Is this non solely a vicious rhythm of violence being perpetually perpetrated. There is complexity when taking of one life justified as a means of payment for the taking of another life? The death penalty does not bring the victim of the first crime back to life. Would restitution to the families that the criminal inflicted pain and vile on be a better punishment and a much humane punishment? When a human being is born into the world, they have nothing but the right to draw another breath. They are simply a living thing that breaths air in and exhale the air. If someone inhibits your ability to breathe the air into your lungs then they are taking by the one and only right that you have. Do not confuse the right to breathe with a guarantee of life because life is not guaranteed. spiritedness is subject to end due to your actions, the actions of others, or naturally occurring causes. If the country you are born in decides that they have the right to extinguish the life of anyone that commits a certain(p) crime then y ou no longer have the right to breath, you have the right to live according to the laws of the country and the government has the right to decide who breathes and who stops breathing. The succeeding look for will illustrate uncloudedness as to why the death penalty does not deter murder rates. The construeings will discuss the reasoning as to why some expect that the death penalty deters crime and will blast to build that morality is just cause for the abolition of the death penalty. The findings will prove that past statistics were blemish in their models. The United States of America and Canada will be the comparative cases in this engage.Literature ReviewThe disregard towards enforcing the death penalty is at a downward slope. However, 84 countries still enforce the death penalty (Dieter, 1999, p.1). Protocols that have been put into action are that by the Council of Europe. They do trenchant Protocol 6 which calls for the abolishment of the death penalty (Dieter, 1 999, p. 6). The European trades union has abolished the death penalty and made it a precondition for the entry into the Union. In turn, this lead to numerous eastern European countries forced to abolish the death penalty if they want membership of the European Union. This includes such countries as Poland, Yugoslavia, and Serbia and Montenegro. redden the nation of Turkey is moving closer to abolishing the death penalty in order to gain entrance into the European Union (Dieter, 1999, p. 5). Because of such wet protocols established by the European Union, they have threatened the perceiver post of countries that enforce the death penalty. They stated that unless there is a full abolishment of the death penalty throughout the whole country, a country with observer status may be rejected that status (Dieter, 1999, p. 5). Even though the death penalty has been gived for almost for each one century, as of render time there has been dramatic turnaround. For nations that have aboli shed that death penalty, it is of varied reason. For example, Spain abolished the death penalty in 1995, stating that, The death penalty has no place in the general penal ashes of advanced, civilized societies (Hood Hoyle, 2008, p. 63). In similarity to Spain, Switzerland abolished the death penalty because they bankd that it is a flagrant violation of the right to life and lordliness (Hood Hoyle, 2008, p. 11). For other nations that have abolished the death penalty, it efficacy have been of monetary proclivity because of cost efficiency.Contextualizing the CasePer the seek that has been illustrated in democratic societies postulates the undermentioned question How has the deathly penalty affected murder rates in the United States of America and Canada? The reasoning behind the following research is too create that the death penalty does not deter murder rates. There have studies that show that there is in fact correlativity between the death penalty and murder rates. How ever, they have been understandably skewed and flawed in their methods to proof that the death penalty deters murder rates. There is great vastness in providing findings that distinctly show a draw in illustration on how the enforcement of the death penalty has no influence on murder rates. indoors this research, the findings will incorporate solely individuals who have been charged with murder. The variables that are puzzle in this research are the death penalty and murder rates in respect to the human right the right to life. Within this research it has brought ahead the following two hypotheses 1) The death penalty does not deter murder rates 2) Morality is just cause to abolish the death penalty. The following findings will prove some(prenominal) nulls wrong which illustrate the following 1) the death penalty does deter murder rates 2) morality is just cause for the abolishment of the death penalty.Findings ending Penalty does not deter crimeUnited States. The big case ag ainst how the death penalty does not deter crime has numerous supporting documentation and entropy. It is stated that the death penalty is a waste of the U.S. taxpayer money and provides no public safeguard incentives (Bedeau, 2011). Here is an arouseing quote by fountain U.S. Attorney familiar Janet Reno, I have inquired for most of my adult life about studies that might show that the death penalty is a deterrent. And I have not seen any research that would substantiate that point (Jones, 2010, p. 123). For example, the state of Wisconsin has had the death penalty abolished for 150 years and has half of the murder rates that states like Texas or Florida have in which those states enforce the death penalty (Jones, 2010 p. 25). A great example, are the studies of Oklahoma and California which resulted failing to find that the utilization of the death penalty is a true deterrent of violent crime (Bailey, 1999). Adding to this, a study by William Bailey and Ernie Thompson has show n that there was an essentially signifi beart increase in murders after the death penalty was reinstated (Bailey, 1998). A New York Times value through with(p) by Raymond Bonner and Ford Fessenden validated that homicide rate in states with the death penalty have been 48% to 101% higher than those without the death penalty (Bonner Fessenden, 2000). A food for purpose that is substantial is those who commit these violent crimes in actuality do not consider the consequences. In most cases where there is murder committed, emotions are high. However, when emotions consort high, that is when rationale starts dissipate. A guard foreland of the Los Angeles practice of law Department states that I am not convinced that the death penalty, in of itself, is a deterrent to crime because most deal do not think about the death penalty in front they commit a violent or capital crime (Jones, 2010, p.125). A police chief in a massive metropolitan city claiming this makes for a stimulate a rgument in regards to how the death penalty does not deter crime. The police chief in fact does deal with heinous crimes on a daily basis, which means there is empirical proof that the death penalty does not influence murder. practice of law enforcement professionals claim that the death penalty is of the final tier in regards to rank of violent crimes. The FBI also mentioned that states with the death penalty enforced, in reality have the highest murder rates (Bedeau, 2011). A statistic illustrates that 2 out of every 3 law enforcement asideicers do not believe that the death penalty decreases the rate of homicides (The Death Penalty development Center, 2012). There is empirical separate and data proving that the death penalty states in the U.S. in fact have higher crimes than states that are non-death penalty. The following table illustrates the differences between U.S. states that are a death penalty state and states that are notTable 1. U.S. States slay Rate, 2010StateDeat h Penalty State make RateCaliforniaYes1,809MassachusettsNo210TexasYes1,249MinnesotaNo96FloridaYes987WisconsinNo155*Reference- www.deathpenaltyinfo.orgThe Journal of the Ameri cannister Statistical Association issued a journal article by JeffreyGrogger titled The Deterrent Effect of hood Punishment An Analysis of Daily HomicideCounts (1990). Grogger analyzes daily murder rate data to help determine if the death penalty has a deterrent inwardness on murders (Hunt, 2004, p. 4). The figures that are examined which were acquired from the California Department of Health and Statistics contain no accidental deaths from 1960-1963. After Grogger achieved his regression analysis, he fails to prove that there is a short-term deterrent issuing when the death penalty exists.Canada. Since the abolishment of the death penalty in Canada in 1976 there was a drastic decline in crimes by a staggering number of 27% (Amnesty International, 2012). Since the abolishment of the deathly penalty in Canada , there has generally been a trend of declination in murder rates. 2.8 per 100,000 are where the murder rates were at the year of abolishment. In 1995, Canada reached a 30 year low in 1995 of 1.8 per 100,000 (Warren, 2012). Some of Canadas populations have vouched their opinions in favor of reinstating the death penalty, however the Canadian government is firmly observeing their stance in regards to abolishment. It is fact that all of the Canadian political parties oppose the reintroduction of the death penalty. In 1987, there was a motion to reinstate the death penalty in Canada in the menage of Commons, however the motion was defeated (148-127) (Warren, 2012). Even though there was an attempt to reinstate the death penalty, the government was in realization that it is not in the nature of a government or notwithstanding down to the micro-level (an individual) to make such dramatic decisions (Chandler, 1976, p. 194). There is still an abundant about of citizens in Canada who want the death penalty to be reinstated, however their argument is flawed. Their flaw is that they seek justice on immoral grounds. It is proven statically that Canadian heinous crimes are of the lowest throughout the world and especially compared to the United States. As of today, the Canadian government is strictly opposed to the return of the death penalty and has rejected all calls for a national referendum.Additionally, there has been a lean rise in Canada in regards to crime rate. However, there is no place correlation between the death penalty and crime. If there is no learn link how can an entity such as a government determine if an individual is to lose their life. The following table below illustrates the murder rate in collar territories of Canada.Table 2. Canada Murder Rates, 2010TerritoriesDeath PenaltyMurder RateNova ScotiaNo21QuebecNo84OntarioNo189*Reference- www.statcan.gc.ca hoidenish comparisons United States v. CanadaThe difference between the numbers of crimes co mmitted between the United States and Canada is 21% (nationamaster.com, 2012). The United States in reality has the number one second in regards to crime rate. Policy analysts Hashem Dezhbakhsh and Joanna shepherd deliver a affidavit claiming that executions in fact do have an influence on crime. He claims that a panel of recent studies shows that the death penalty saves lives. The study shows that there is a healthy link between executions and reduced murder rates. As he states, there was a sophisticated panel done by Emory University which involved over 3,000 counties from 1977 to 1996 showing that because of execution there was an average of 18 fewer murders (Dezhbakhsh Shepherd, 2003). This is however flawed, because there are countless variables that could have influenced these executions and every case in regards to crime is varied. A direct opposition to Dezhbakhsh Shepherd is provided by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). To make note, there is house servant op position to the death penalty within the U.S. They state that there is no laudable evidence linking the death penalty and murder. It is proven that states that have the death penalty do in fact have higher murder rates than states that dont (aclu.org, 2012). The ACLU strongly explains that the panels that have been conducted to linking the death penalty and crime are extremely discredited due to thorough social science research (ACLU). They elucidate like mentioned earlier in the paper in regards to emotion, mess commit crimes in the heat of passion. This includes adultery, deception, under the influence of drugs, or they are mentally ill (aclu.org, 2012). They give little or no thought to the possible consequences that face them. Like mentioned before, since the abolishment in Canada decline of murder rates has consistently been on the decline. Even the number of police officers killed in Canada has not been higher than in 1962 (Howard, 2001). The table below illustrates the regim e, polity score, and the use of the death penalty between the United States of America and Canada.Table 3.StateRegimePolity ScoreDeath PenaltyUnited States representative10Yes (35/50)CanadaDemocratic10No*Reference- www.deathpenaltyinfo.com*Reference- www.systemicpeace.orgJohn J. Donohue and Justin Wolfers provide supernumerary opposition against the death penalty. In 1975, an American economic review paper written by Isaac Ehrlich analyzed the years of 1933-1969 in regards executions in the U.S. and how each execution yielded 8 fewer homicides (Donohue Wolfers, 2006, p. 2). A re-analysis of Ehrlichs work was conducted by nib Passell and John Taylor showed that Ehrlichs work was skewed. To elaborate, Ehrlichs estimations were highly driven by a strong jump in murders from 1963-69. However, in the mid-1960s there was a decline in murders across all the states, charge including the states that have never had the death penalty enforced (Donohue Wolfers, 2006, p. 3). The model that Ehrlich demonstrated showed no correlation between executions and murder, because if those septet years were taken off, the studyity of the years from 1930-1969 show low murder rates. This same model can be compared to Canada. There was no correlation between the death penalty and murder rates, the realization of this issue manifested at heart the Canadian government and the result was abolishment. It is said that even the National academy panel completely criticized Ehrlichs model. Another study that is criticized by Donohue and Wolfers was performed by some(prenominal) professionals by the wee-wees of Dezhbakhsh, Rubin, and Shepherd (DRS) (Donohue Wolfers, 2006, p. 3). DRS claim that each execution performed leads to 18 lives saved. This is clearly contested and is proven flawed and is deemed not credible by the Stanford Law Review. An instantaneous issue with this study is that the regression model that was run by DRS essentially went against their own views. In actuality, each execution is associated with 18 more executions (Donohue Wolfers, 2006, p. 3). This study is related to Ehrlichs study, because the DRS misuse an erudite econometric proficiency which is instrumental variables estimation. The problem with misuses leads to skewed results. The DRS used a quasi-experiment by categorizing a group of variables that may cause changes in execution rate (Donohue Wolfers, 2006, p. 3). However, their study is flawed because their techniques are not applicable to the death penalty. The instruments utilized by the DRS are not valid to their study, because it is composed of too many experiments which dont theorise changes in crime markets or social trends making it extremely flawed. This can be applied to Canadas case as comfortably, this is because the theory by DRS was debunked by Donohue and Wolfers and proves otherwise.Robert B Ekelund a professor of Economics at Auburn University explains how the death penalty is a deterrent of murders. Professor Ekelund elaborates on his study stating Empirically, we find that execution and the death penalty have no significant effect on multiple murdersour study also shows thatsingle murders are deterred by execution variablesthe form of execution-electrocution being considered marginally more painful than deadly injections-is an added deterrent to single murders(Ekelund, 2006). This study however is flawed, because of statistical problems in data collection. Please refer to the table below for realistic statistics without theoretical connectivity to show that the numbers speak for themselves.Table 4. Comparisons of Murder Rates between U.S. and CanadaStateDeath class2009 2010Executions2009 2010Murder Rate2009 2010United States3,1733,15852465.0%4.8%Canada00001.81%1.62%*Percentages are calculated per 100,000 large number*Reference- www.statcan.gc.ca www.deathpenaltyinfo.orgMorality is just cause to abolish the death penalty. Morality doubtless comes into consideration when discussing t he death penalty. Is there just cause for taking away someones life? Should a single judge or jury be the ultimate deciding factor in determining if a individual keeps their life? The UN General Assembly claims that the utilization of the death penalty is clearly a violation of a basic human right, which is the right to life. It is proven through decades of the uses of the death penalty in the U.S. is extremely v flawed by design (ccrjustice.org, 2012). One should not only consider that the death penalty alone is a human rights violation. What should also be considered is the torture leading up to the execution. This includes decades in alone(p) confinement with minimal human interaction. An affairing factoid is that the U.S. ratified a treaty in 1994 by the name of Convention Against Torture (CAT). It is defined as the following, any act by which severe pain or suering, whether physical or mental, is inicted on a soul for such purposes as punishing him for an act he has comm itted or is suspected of having committed (ccrjustice.org, 2012). However, clearly the U.S. is in practice of human isolations and tortures until the actual death of that inmate. Facts show that there are just about 3,250 prisoners in the U.S. on death grade, the majority of those prisoners serve in lonely and crippling conditions until their executions (ccrjustice.org, 2012). Twenty-five of the thirty-four states that enforce the death penalty hold their death row inmates in for 23 hours of the day in solitary confinement.There is opposition on both sides of the spectrum in regards to the morality of the death penalty. An esteemed individual who is pro the death penalty is a well known Judge Antonin Scalia. Antonin Scalia explains that as a judge it is his duty to wear by the laws. He states While my views on the morality of the death penalty have nothing to do with how I vote as a judge, they have a lot to do with whether I can or should be a judge at all (Scalia, 2002). Base d off this, we can assume that as a Judge, one has to by law convict a person if they fall into the category of being put on death row. From his perspective, it is not his job to determine whether it is immoral. Another esteemed Judge in America is Alex Kozinski. His belief is that the death penalty is of moral essence. His argument is backed up by Immanuel Kant, which explains that society is not impulsive to demand a life of somebody who has taken somebody elses life is simply immoral (Kozinski, 2002). Kozinski states that if the system works and when the judicial system does an efficacious job on identifying an individual of such heinous crimes, do we has a society have the right to take life? Simply Kozinski says yes (Kozinski, 2002). The last advocate of the death penalty in regards to morality that will be discussed is by constitutional lawyer and general counsel to the Center for Law and Accountability is Bruce Fein. His take on the issue is plainly that the perpetuator is in ascendancy of his own actions and destiny. To quote Fein, The death penalty honors human dignity by treating the defendant as a free moral actor able to control his own destiny for good or for ill it does not treat him as an animal with no moral sense, thus subject even to butchery to satiate human gluttony (Fein, 2008). Moreover, the death penalty celebrates the dignity of the humans whose lives were stop by the defendants predation (Fein, 2008). From this quote, it seems that Fein is relishing in the fact that an fondness for eye perspective, to get even in other words. And it is the responsibility of a human, because of dignity to enforce the death penalty in order to have a prosperous system of society. Canada on the other hand does not see a kill for a kill as of justice means. They do feel that person who committed murder should be taken out of society and confined. However, there is no justice for sidesplitting on behalf of putting to death according to the Canadian go vernment laws in regards to the death penalty.Now, we go into the defense of morality and how it is just cause for the abolishment of the death penalty. The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution has much to do with the issue of the death penalty. In the case of Furman v. Georgia, former Justice of the Supreme cost Thurgood Marshall verbalizes some of his perspectives in regards to this issue. He begins with explaining that the death penalty is a violation of the Eight Amendment because it is morally unacceptable to the people of the United State at this time in their history (Fitzpatrick, 1995). Most court systems have stated that the death penalty is just, however if there is a shockwave amongst the sense of right and wrong of the people and a sense of justice elucidating from the people there can be a transformation. Marshall explains that if all knowledge and facts were presented about the processes before death row in his humble opinion, the majority of society wo uld not stand for the death penalty (Fitzpatrick, 1995). In this given time, society is merged in more ways than one can imagine compared to the past. through globalization means, the world has become interconnected through means of data and knowledge. Based off of what Marshall said, it can be fairly claimed that in todays societal beliefs, most would not favor the death penalty. An academia professor of sociology named Sandra J. Jones also elaborates on how morality is a just cause of the abolishment of the death penalty. Jones has interviewed countless activists against the death penalty and the majority of them stated are not absolutely immoral to kill on behalf of killing. She explains in coalition with an activists perspective that not only is it dehumanizing, but everything else that wraps around it is immoral. It is an immoral action to have a human being strapped down for the purpose of killing them, because it is for justice (Jones, 2010, p. 197). Jones also explains h ow the prison warden or the prison guards should not be placed into such conflict of interests. It is simply inhuman actions (Jones, 2010, p. 197). In regards to Canada, even though they refuse to sign the Protocols established by the United Nations, they have abolished the death penalty. The ACLU also makes strong claim on how the death penalty is immoral in principal and prejudicial. The ACLUs outlook on the government just cause is a negative one by nature and is deceiving. They state that no one deserves to die and when the government enacts their so called vengeance in the sake of justice, it is disguise (aclu.org, 2012). According to the ACLU in a civilized society, the people should reject the principle of killing as such the criminals did. In other words, society is only reenacting of what the criminal committed (aclu.org, 2012). Instead of one person losing their life due to the criminals actions, society would lose two individuals. Lastly former Governor of Illinois George Ryan lashes out on the judicial system. He exposes the judicial system by saying that reformation of the death penalty is not of interest to them. Ryan states that there has been a lack of justice for countless death row inmates with possibly meritorious claims-because the Illinois death penalty system is arbitrary and capricious-therefore immoral- I no longer shall tinker with the machinery of death (Ryan, 2003). From this quote alone, it can be assumed that this is the case for the majority of the states who still support the death penalty are of bureaucracy perspectives.When sentencing an individual to death, it is a given that the sentencing maybe a wrong conviction. With Canadas complete abolishment of the death penalty, if the court system wrongfully convicts an individual, there can be justification. However, in the United States if someone is wrongfully is convicted and placed on death row and executed. The court system is flawed in the sense that the enforcement of the dea th penalty has a strong injustice factor to it. The case of David Milgaard is a great example of case in Canada where the individual was wrongfully convicted. David Milgaard was sentenced to life imprisonment in the murder of Gail milling machine in 1969. Milgaard spent 22 years in prison. Then in 1992 the Supreme Court revamped Milgaards case and he ended up being cleared by DNA evidence in 1997 (CBC, 2012). The government ended up awarding Milgaard $10 million for the wrongful conviction. An example from the United States was the case involving Larry Griffin. Quintin Moss was killed on June 26, 1980 due to a drive by killing in association with drugs. Robert Fitzgerald who was at the scene of the crime, testified that he saw three black men in a car firing shots at Quintin Moss (The Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). Fitzgerald testified that Griffin was the one who fired and killed Moss. Fitzgerald made it clear that Griffin fired the shot with his right hand. However, it was found out that Griffin was in fact left-handed (The Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). This was the first murder trial of Griffins attorney and he failed to address certain crucial factors. Griffin had explained that he was giving a ride to a man and his daughter, Griffins car ended up overheating (The Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). In the process of fixing his car, is when the drive by snap occurred. Ten years after the conviction of Griffin, it was later revealed that the credibility of Fitzgerald was not substantial. However Griffin was executed through lethal injections means. The case was later reopened, by a professor at the University of Michigan Law, and the investigation cogitate that Griffin was indeed innocent (innocent and executed) (The Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). This is the major difference between the United States and Canada, if there was complete abolishment of the death penalty, wrongfully convicted individuals have a chance to s eek justice and clear their name. However, if there is someone executed and later proven innocent, that cannot be taken back.The Death Penalty Information Center presents six indicators as to how individuals get wrongfully accused which benefits citizens of Canada as opposed to the US. First one is eye witness error, which is deriving from confusion or faulty memory (The Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). There can be multiple variables as to why an individual might be confused when witnessing such a heinous crime. They do not know the specifics of the story or even recognizing the actual individual who committed the murder. A study in 2001 was done by Northwestern Law School analyzing 86 Death Row Cases in the United States. Forty-five of the cases were of eye witness error (The Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). The second indicator is government misconduct, which are both the conduct from police officials and the prosecution officials (The Death Penalty Information Ce nter, 2012). cardinal cases involved government misconduct. The third indicator is junk science. Science is ever evolving theories and practices are consistently renovating (The Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). referable to mishandled evidence at times or the use of unqualified experts have a strong influence on the conviction. Nine of the 86 cases were of junk science. The forth indictor is snitch testimony, which is habitually given in exchange for a reducing in sentence (The Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). The court systems both in the United States of America and Canada have similar processes. Taking that into consideration, lawyers at times want to just collect their money and move onto the adjacent case. In turn, they jeopardize their clients for monetary gains or simply no interest in the case anymore. Snitch testimony involved 10 out of the 86 cases. False confessions is the fifth indicator, this usually results from mental illness or retardation and tort ure from police officials (The Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). Due to mishandling cases by prosecution officials, an individual who

Soy Protein Contents in Soybean Milk

soja beana beana beana bean Protein Contents in soybeana beanbean MilkSoy is probably approximately well know for its protein mental object be hold soy has a high Protein force Ratio, which means that the aminic acids that ar contained in soy protein ar do from a large portionage of essential amino group acids. Essential amino acids atomic number 18 known as an amino acid that scum bagnot be bring aboutd by our body but need be provided by the diet. Soybean take out is a take out substitute which is consists of soy sauce flour and water. Besides, it excessively utilize in some infant formulas and in making tofu. Soybean milk is a rich source of high-quality protein and vitamin B. Although soybean milk is not a rich source of calcium, the most of commercial soybean milk products are fortified with calcium. Soybean milk naturally contains isoflavones which are a lay down chemicals that help move LDL known as the bad cholesterin and it does not affect the good blood cholesterol, HDL. However, drinking too ofttimes soybean milk could possibly sum up the risk of cancer because isoflavones are weak estrogens.There are many benefits to consuming the soybean milk in comparison to cow milk. First, soybean milk contains only vegetable protein which has the advantage that causes slight loss of calcium through the kidneys and provides a lower risk for osteoporosis compare to the animal protein. In addition, soybean milk contains no lactose which is a better alternative to people who lose the force to digest lactose, the carbohydrate free-base in cow milk this function is known as lactose intolerance which causes stomach cramps, flatulence and diarrhoea. However, there are very fewer people are allergic to soybean milk only. Furthermore, the soy protein in soybean milk can wince cholesterol. According to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration of US), they concluded that soy protein included in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may switch off the risk of CHD by lowering blood cholesterol levels. Besides, The FDA recommends that consumers should have a daily diet with a total that at least 25 grams of soy protein each day. Besides, in the soybean milk does not contain hormones whereas in the cow milk that contains natural hormones and also synthetic hormones such as rBGH (recombinant bovine growth hormone) which used to addition milk production.LITERATURE REVIEWNowadays and in future, soybean must be an important nutrimentstuff as the protein source and health foods, because it has been accept that the soybean protein has an adequate amino acid pattern and that this foodstuff can reduce serum cholesterol levels jibe to the recent reports.Soy protein refers to the protein that is found in soybeans that are often used to replace animal proteins in an individuals diet. The soybean is a legume that contains no cholesterol and is low in saturated fat. Soy proteins can be divided into variant categories accor ding to their production method soy protein isolate, soy protein concentrate and textured soy protein.Soy protein isolate is the soy protein with the highest content of protein. It is made from defatted soy repast by removing most of the fats and carbohydrates, chip ining a product with approximately to 90 percent protein. Therefore, soy protein isolate has a very neutral sprightliness compared to other soy products. Due to the most of the carbohydrates are removed, the intake of soy protein isolate does not cause flatulence. Besides, soy protein isolate is also known as a complete vegetable protein. It contains all essential amino acids for growth and it is equal in quality to the protein in affectionateness, milk and eggs. On the other hand, it has a very low-fat content. Soy protein isolate may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. There are also indications that soy protein can help in the prevention of osteoporosis, some cancers and menopausal symptoms. However, soy pr otein isolate may have fewer health benefits compare to the solid soybeans or soy protein concentrates. During the production of soy protein isolate the protein is wash drawinged with alcohol, and this cause removing most of the isoflavones. The isoflavones have many health benefits such as modify arterial vasodilatation, lowering cholesterol and inhibiting atherosclerosis.Soy protein concentrate is made by removing a portion of the carbohydrates (sugars) from dehulled and defatted soybeans. There are three different methods to produce soy protein concentrate aqueous alcohol wash process, acid wash process and water wash process with heat denaturation. These methods allow yield soy protein concentrate with akin composition 70 percent protein, 20 percent carbohydrates, 6 percent ash and about 1 percent oil. The solubility of the protein can differ between the different extraction processes. unmatched ton of defatted soybean flakes will give about 750 kg (75 percent yield) of so ybean protein concentrate. Soy protein concentrate retains most of the fiber of the original soybean. Soy protein concentrate is widely used as a functional or nutritional ingredient in a wide variety of food products, mainly in baked foods, breakfast cereals and in some meat products. Soy protein concentrate is used in meat and poultry products to increase water and fat retention and to improve nutritional values (more protein, less fat).Textured soy protein is made from defatted soy flour that is compressed and tasteful into granules or chunks. During this process, the structure of the soy proteins changes in fibres. Most textured soy protein is produced from defatted soy flour, soy flakes or soy concentrates with an extrusion process. This extrusion engineering can form a fibrous matrix which is almost similar than that of meat.AIMSoybean milk is a rich source of proteins which are necessary for our body growth and survival. The objective of doing the topic of determination of s oy protein content in the soybean milk is to determine the actual protein content in different types of soybean milk. This is because protein content in soybean milk may be lost or concentrated when undergoes in different processes.SHORT NOTEIn this topic, I will present an try to test and determine the soy protein in the soybean milk. There will get three types of soybean milk to test which are the home-cured soybean milk, commercial soybean milk and sour soybean milk. First, I will extract the soy protein by using acid-wash process. In the first step, the water will remove from the soybean milk by oven heating and then washing the residue with water near the isoelectric pose of pH 4-5 so the soluble sugars are removed from the matrix of proteins and polysaccharide. subsequently acid-water washing, the remaining materials are adjusted to near neutrality and dried. In the succeeding(prenominal) step, the Bradford assay is used to react with soy protein and using the spectromete r at the wavelength of 595nm to determine the absorbance. In the same time, a protein standard curve is infallible to determine and calculate the actual concentration of soy protein content in the soybean milk.

The Evolving Nexus between Islam and Iran Essay -- Essays Papers

The Evolving Nexus between Islam and IranThe nexus between Islam and Iran is a complex one. Islam was brought to Iran via Arab-Muslim conquest in 650 AD and has played a shifting, ill-advised role in this nation-state ever since. The ideas of nationalism, secularism, religion, and revolution are unique in this Muslim country. Iranians, unlike many of their neighbors, hold on very potently to their pre- Islamic roots and achievements sentiments of nationalism are apparent throughout Iranian storey and in the everyday conversations of Iranians. In order to illustrate the role of Islam in Iran and the contemporary Iranian situation, I will analyze the concept of an Islamic state, the legitimacy of Islam in modern-day Iran with notes on the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the compatibility of Islam and Democracy, changes in access to information in Iran today, and recent movements and trends in Iranians youth population.Islam and the Islamic StateThe Islamic revival trend of the recently 20th century forged the intellection that the resurrected Muslim nations were akin to Islamic states. The region considered to make up the Muslim world indisputably comprises nations that maintain majority Muslim populations. The extent to which these nations may be labeled Islamic, however, is dubious. As the present uniformity ascribed to Muslim nations has intensified with heightened media attention, the variance among systems of governance in these countries has keep to be overlooked. The Islamic presence in these countries, in fact, ranges vastly, from Islamic friendly groups that strive to revive social morality and eradicate Western shade to established political systems that endeavor to enforce Islamic law. The definition a... ...rn Iran, Yale University Press, 1981.Kelley, Friedlander, and Colby, eds. Irangeles. Los Angeles University of calcium Press, 1993.Sanger, David E. Allies Hear Sour Notes in Axis of Evil Chorus, tender York Times, February 17, 2002.Wright, R obin B. In the name of God the Khomeini decade, c1989.Zubaida, Sami. Is Iran and Islamic State.Zubaida, Sami. Religion, State, and Democracy.http//www.iranian.com/Opinion/2002/ declination/Aghajari/index.html http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ir.htmlEconhttp//www.iraniantrade.org/http//www.ikco.com/http//www.middleeastwire.com/iran/business/stories/20020124_2_meno.shtml http//www.netiran.com/Htdocs/Clippings/FEconomy/941215XXFE03.htmlhttp//www.netiran.com/Htdocs/Clippings/Art/010303XXAR04.htmlhttp//ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/BCSIA/Library.nsf/pubs/shaffer

Hurricane Katrina Essay -- Natural Disasters Papers

Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina has been one the most devastating natural disasters to hit the States ever costing a total of 125 billion dollars, and leaving almost 1000 dead. We need to look at ways of preventing such a disaster. As this is the only problem, we can predict and perceive how wild a hurricane can be but preventing one is a different matter entirely. The U.S. National Hurricane Centre (NHC) reported on August 23 that Tropical Depression Twelve had formed over the south-eastern Bahamas this was soon to be named hurricane Katrina, it was upgraded to a hurricane on the 25th of august, it hit land the same sidereal day lousing its strength while travailing over Florida. Although on the 26th of August it grew it to a category 2 hurricane. It became clear the storm was headed for Mississippi and Louisiana. The next day the hurricane grew to category 3 and again the day after, the storm grew in meretri ciousness and on August the 28th it became category 5 with winds up 214mph. Katrina made...

Comparing In Our World and the World of The Giver Essay -- Comparison

Parallels In Our piece and the World of The Giver The story in The Giver by Lois Lowry takes place in a community that is not normal. People potentiometernot enchant color, it is an offense for somebody to touch others, and the community assigns passel jobs and children. This unnamed community shown with Jonas eye, the of import character in this novel, is a perfect society. There is no war, crime, and hunger. almost readers might take it for granted that the community in The Giver differs from the authoritative society. However, there argon several affinities between the society in put day and that in this fiction estrangement of elderly people, suffering of switch mothers, and wanting of mercy killing. The first similarity is that elderly people are leftfield out of the society. In the novel, the elderly cannot have a family. They live in the House of the senescent because they are separated from the society. All the people are getting previous(a)er and weaker withou t exception, so it is hard for them to live without family. Nonetheless, the society isolates the elderly. The Old were sitting quietly, some visiting and talking with one another, others doing handwork and simpleton crafts. A few were asleep (p. 28). Likewise, in the modern society, elderly people are lonely. Some avoid taking care of their parents suffering from disease like Alzheimer. The elderly are apt to be easily depressed, and this falloff can be triggered by the deaths of their spouses, relatives, and friends or by financial worries. Therefore, old people need constant care and their familys affection. However, due to hectic lifestyle of current society, many elderly people live wholly or in care center without their family. Another similarity can be found in th... ...relief, even if the amount required compromises external respiration and leads to death? Most health care providers say no, because the designs in separately are different. In the first situation, the go al is death in the second, the goal is relief from suffering (Salladay, p. 1). The Giver provides a chance that readers can examine the real human being with the society described in this book through some words, such as release, Birthmothers, and so on. Therefore, readers could be able to see what is happening right now in the real society in which they live by reading her fiction. The author, Lowry, might build the real world in this fiction by her unique point of view.Work Cited Salladay, S.A. (2000, November). Is it euthanasia? Nursing online, 8 paragraphs. Availablehttp//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?TS=&Sid=3&Idx=31&Deli=1&RQT=309&Dtp=1 2001, February 11.

Jefferson and Blake Writers of the Enlightenment and the Romantic Era :: Free Essays

Jefferson and Blake Writers of the judiciousness and the romanticist date The Enlightenment and the Romantic Era are two periods that differed greatly. Out of these distinguish eras came different literary styles and purposes. Thomas Jefferson and William Blake are two primary examples of diverse authors from equally diverse eras. Although the Romantic Era grew alongside the Enlightenment, it placed note value on emotion or imagination over reason, where as the Enlightenment focused on reason and logical thinking. Unlike the Enlightenment, Romanticism allowed spate to get away from the constricted, rational views of life and concentrate on an horny and sentimental side of humanity. This not only influenced political doctrines and ideology, but was in like demeanor a sharp contrast from the Enlightenments embracing of grounds before emotion. Jefferson and Blake both representing their own era through different physical composition styles that characterized the era i n which their writings belong. Along with Enlightenment came European fight with the monarchy. This led to ideas of a self-governed people and, along with the separation of individuals from religion and government, would needs influence Thomas Jeffersons writing of The Declaration of Independence. The beliefs in equality, justice, and morals were outstanding ideas from the Enlightenment that moved Jefferson to write in the preachy manner in which his purpose was to lead a group of people to look at in life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Enlightenment influenced Jeffersons writings and was responsible for his instructive writing style.William Blakes writing style was a product of the Romantic Era in which people were more concerned with emotions than reason. This era corporeal societys desire to give in to its passions and express its feelings. In Blakes The Lamb, he questioned who made thee birth and then answered little lamb God bless thee. Blake personified th e little lamb with clothing of delight and a tender voice. The comparison of the lamb and its creator through imagery and embodiment characterizes the Romantic Era as a whole.

Business Plan for an Established Business Essay example -- Business Ma

Business picture for an Established BusinessThis clientele plan consists of a chronicle and some(prenominal) pecuniary spreadsheets. The narrative template is the body of the stage business plan. It contains more than cl questions divided into several sections. Work through the sections in any differentiate you like, except for the Executive Summary, which should be done last. Skip any questions that do not apply to your business. When you are finished writing your first draft, you get out have a collection of small essays on the various topics of the business plan. Then you forget want to edit them into a flowing narrative.The satisfying value of doing a business plan is not having the finished production in hand rather, the value lies in the process of research and thought process about your business in a systematic way. The act of preparedness helps you to think things through thoroughly, to study and research when you are not surely of the facts, and to look at you r ideas critically. It takes time, but avoids monetary valuely, maybe disastrous, mistakes later.The business plan narrative is a generic model grammatical caseable for all types of businesses. However, you should modify it to suit your particular circumstances. Before you begin, review the section titled Refining the be after, rig at the end of the business plan. It suggests emphasizing certain areas, depending upon your type of business (manufacturing, retail, service, etc.). It also has tips for fine-tuning your plan to make an effective presentation to investors or bankers. If this is why you are writing your plan, pay particular attention to your writing style. You will be judged by the quality and appearance of your work as swell up as your ideas.It typically takes several weeks to complete a good plan. about of that time is spent in research and rethinking your ideas and assumptions. But then, that is the value of the process. So make time to do the job properly. Those who do never distress the effort. And finally, be sure to keep detailed notes on your sources of information and on the assumptions underlying your financial data.Business PlanOWNERSBusiness Name track AddressAddress 2City, ST ZIP Codephone telecommunicatee-mail I. Table of ContentsI. Table of Contents 3II. everyday Company Description 4III. Products and Services 4IV. Marketing Plan 4Notes on Preparation 4The Marketing Plan ... ...does the allianceo Protect intellectual property?o Avoid expert obsolescence?o Supply necessary capital?o Retain constitute personnel?If your company is not yet profitable or perhaps does not yet even have sales, you must do longer-term financial forecasts to show when profit take-off will occur. And your assumptions must be well document and well argued.Retail Business Company emblem Pricing explain mark-up policies. Prices should be profitable, competitive, and in accord with th e company image. Inventoryo choice and price should be consistent with company image.o Calculate your one-year inventory turnover rate. Compare this to the industry average for your type of store. client service policies These should be competitive and in accord with the company image. situation Does it give the exposure you need? Is it convenient for customers? Is it consistent with company image? Promotion What methods do you use and what do they cost? Do they sound projection a consistent company image? Credit Do you buy the farm credit to customers? If yes, do you really need to, and do you factor the cost into prices?

Oloudah Equianos The Slave Trade Essay -- Equiano Slave Trade Slavery

Oloudah Equianos The Slave TradeOlaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in an area of Africa which is straightway Nigeria. At the age of eleven he was captu rubor and brought into knuckle downry. In his book, The Slave Trade, Equiano describes the slave trade during this piece. He illustrates how he became a slave and how slaves were treated. Through his descriptions of his m early(a)land and other aspects of his life, we gain insight into the state of world trade at that time.Equianos description of his homeland exemplifies the Columbian Exchange in operation. First of all, Equiano discusses how planters from the air jacket Indies preferred slaves from Benin because of their ability and hardiness. This statement illustrates a connection between the east Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. Equiano also describes some of the crops which were grown in his homeland. He mentions corn and tobacco which are both native to the Western Hemisphere. wiz can see an example of the Columbian Exchange through Equianos experiences.A electronic network of trade can also be seen in Equianos intervention of the marketplace of his homeland. He describes the presence of Oye-Eboe people at his villages marketplace. Oye-Eboe is translated as red men living at a distance. These men would bring European goods such as guns and gunpowder along with hats, beads and dried slant to trade. The Oye-Eboe Equiano describes could actually be Aro people from the south of Isseke who were involved in the slave trade. The Aro would trade these goods for captives to be sold as slaves. Because these people had fish to trade, nonpareil can see they were from the coast, therefore, they most likely had direct contact with Europeans. The network of trade between Africa and Europe is mapped out by his... ...e worst of it suffocated. Equiano was genuinely ill and was able to spend a good deal of time on deck, where at least the air was a bit fresher. The work party of the ship were brutal to the slaves. They once tossed fresh fish overboard magic spell the slaves begged to eat some. Equiano was treated like a human being while still in Africa, but like a wild creature on the British slave ship.Through my reading of Equianos memoirs, much of what I had known before was reinforced. However, there were a few things I didnt date before. First, I didnt know before that Africa even used slave labor. I was also surprised to learn that African people were enslaved by other African people. I was glad to learn, however, that slavery was used as a form of punishment. I was also very surprised at the backbreaking contrast between the treatment of slaves in Africa and in the Western Hemisphere.