Religions: Key Elements Essay

The importance of righteousnesss related to their spiritual and ethical messages is held to a high story of importance. The importance of religions related to their cultural contributions to the arts and the humanities is also held to a high degree of importance. The importance of religions related to their alliances with political and economic institutions is held to a high degree of importance because the authority and power of the ruler and of the priest reinforced one a nonher and religion reinforced the powers of legislation as tumesce as those of administration.The difference between studying a religion and studying intimately a religion is that when someone studies a religion, they guess in the beliefs and values of that religion and atomic number 18 studying it to have a better person in that religion. When someone studies about a religion, they slangt necessarily follow that religion and are studying about it to strictly get information. That compares to the differe nce between theologians and of historians by being the same.Hinduism is curiously related to the land of India by almost all Hindus living in India or are of Indian descent, and places visited by gods and by saints, as well as places of great natural sanctity in India have become shrines and pilgrim destinations. The key turning points in the evolution of Buddhism were having a founder, renouncing the hereditary order system, and renouncing the supremacy of the brahmin priests.The key elements in the competition between Hinduism and Buddhism are the Hindus believing in the caste system and brahmin priests, Buddhism having a founder, a set of originating scriptures, and an order of monks. Both religions and governments have been historically interdependent. The geographical distributions of Hindus is across the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia. The geographical distributions of Buddhists is from Buddhas home region in the Himalayan foothills throughout India and in most of e ast and southeast Asia.The kind between Buddhism and Confucianism in China and Japan is that they have differences, but the cardinal world perspectives seem to have reached a mutual accommodation. The Judaism of the prophets differed form the Judaism of the Torah by the prophets telling of things that happened later and the Torah being about older events. They are exchangeable because of the overall message they taught. Exile forced the Judaic people to reconstitute their religion in order to survive by them establishing the principal contours of Jewish diaspora.The reasons for Christians and Muslims to treat their Jewish minorities respectfully were because it was what they believed and they were also trying to convert them to their religion. Their reason for being spiteful toward their Jewish minority were that the Jewish people would not convert to their religion. The elements from Judaism that were incorporated into Christianity were the belief of a monotheistic God and the TaNaKh as the Old Testament in the Bible. The elements from Judaism that were not incorporated into Christianity were the diaspora and minority concepts.St. capital of Minnesota took the original teachings and organization created by Jesus and built them into the Christian church service by formulating a modern concept of original sin and redemption from it. According to Paul, those who believed in Jesus Christ and accepted membership into the new Christian community would be forgiven of their sins by God and would be saved. Christianity began in Judaea and became the dominant religion in Europe. The key steps in making and consolidating that geographical move was the missionary journeys of Jesus himself and of his prophets.

Communication Process

Hypothesis The pursual hypothesis is used as a logical approach for tip of the essay. A hypothesis is used in govern to identify wholly the come upon elements of the essay in a logical and a taxonomical order. The hypothesis is as follows Is hard-hitting conference much rough identifying and overcoming barriers to dialogue? What is the nature of good dialogue? Based on the above hypothesis, I obligate listed the following key elements. 1. chat 1. communicating process 2. Types of confabulation 3. Importance of colloquy 2.How discourse understructure influence an agreement? 3. strong & ineffective colloquy 1. What is effective communicating? 2. Importance of effective parley 3. What is ineffective communicating? 4. How both effective and ineffective confabulation affects an composition? 4. Identifying & overcoming colloquy barriers 1. Barriers to effective converse 2. How to overcome barriers to confabulation? 1. Introduction Communication is the use of c ommunicatory and non-verbal conversation amongst people trying to earn shargond meaning. (Yoder, Hugenberg & Wallace 1996)Throughout the history of mankind, their uniqueness in converse has become the key element in their success to become the most developed and closely organized living beings among thousands of others. It is no different when comes to the corporate world, ruin the communication process that an makeup posses, wagerer the finishances they achieve in todays competitive world. So it has become resilient for an organization to keep its communication process as effectively as possible in order achieve its organizational remainders in a both effective and effective manner.So the following essay was prep atomic number 18d with the intention of giving the readers a separate understanding and a clear affect of what is effective communication and what makes the communication a process an effective one. 2. 0 What is communication? Communication is where ii or m uch people en intrust transfer teaching, feelings, ideas and opinions between or among to each one others. 2. 1 The communication process This is the standard model of a communication process. This process always takes place between two parties.Sender The starting point of the communication process, sender depart encode the gist meaning The information which is sent to the receiver. Channel Is the medium which transfers the nub from the sender to the receiver. Barriers Barriers atomic number 18 the distortions which make the subject not to be flummoxed as think. pass catcher The mortal whos at the end of the process and wholl decode the message Feedback It forget be the final step of the communication process where receiver sends a message as reply to the sender. 2.Types of communication Different forms of communication media ilk televisions, radios be used by people in order to choke information,opinions, etc, among each others. The most primitive ways of co mmunication argon by body manner of speaking,speaking, betoken language and pump cont telephone number. All of those communication methods can be broadly divided in to two primary(prenominal) types. Those two types of communication are as follows. communicatory communication Non verbal communication 1. Verbal communication Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language and speaking.When it comes to business,verbal communicationis truly important for the reason being that you are conveying with a cast of people done out the day. In some cases you may deal with people who have different culture, ages and with different levels of experience. Fluent verbal communication is essential to deal with people in business meetings. Business communicationself-confidenceplays a vital role which when matched with fluentcommunication skills. 2. Non verbal communicationNon-verbal communicationinvolves physical ways of communication, like, tone of the voice, touch, smell and body mot ion. Symbols and sign language are likewise included in non-verbal communication. Body language is a non-verbal way of communication. Body posture and physical contact convey a lot of information. Body posture matters a lot when you are communicating verbally to someone. Folded arms and crossed legs are some of the signals conveyed by a body posture. Physical contact, like, shaking hands, pushing, patting and touching expresses the feeling of intimacy.Facial expressions, gestures and eye contact are all different ways of communication. 3. Importance of communication Every achievement a person or an organization takes is for the most part based on the information available to perform that specific action as intended, relevant information will be required. Even later performing the act, the party which performed it will need a feedback to identify whether the performed act bore the intended results. So it is clear that, without communication, none of those would be possible. 3. 0 Involvement of communication in an organization.For an organization to run swimmingly, it has to have a well structured communication process inside its own. According to Kondrat (2009), Communication is the lifeblood of every organization. A vital means of attending to company concerns is finished effective hidenal communication. Decision making is the most vital drill in an organization, to make lasts, to implement them and to reassess those decisions, organizational management will require relevant information. As discussed previously to have better information, better communication among all layers is required.So it is evident that, better the communication inside the organization, better the decision it makes and withal better the results. 3. 1 Formal communication conduct Formal argumentations are used within an organization in order to make the flow of information smoother among all levels in the chain of command. In the general aspect, there are three main communicati on flows within an organization. Those are downward, upward and horizontal communication. 3. 1. 1 descending(prenominal) communication It is the communication flow which is used by managers in an organization mainly to give orders and instructions.In a downward communication, the information flow will be from line of longitude to bottom, where managers will send messages to their subordinates. Those messages will include death penalty of managerial decisions such as goals, plans and strategies, job instructions, rationale, procedures, practices, performance feedbacks, etc. 3. 1. 2 Upward communication Under this channel, information flow will be from the lower levels to the advanceder levels. Upward communication is more popular in learning organizations, where the lower levels of employees do get involved in the decision making process by giving their suggestions.Upward communication can be helpful in problem solving as the parties who are really involved in the problem can gi ve their point of view to the higher management. 3. 1. 3 Horizontal communication In horizontal communication, parties which are in the same level will communicate with each others. (e. g. inter departmental) This can be helpful to coordinate activities and request support. 3. 2 liberal communication channel These are the communication channels which are not authorized as formal communication channels and it doesnt have a clear pattern of the hierarchical levels included.Literally an informal communication channel is a channel which can connect anyone in the organization. Examples for informal communication channels Management by walking around (MBWA) Grapevine 4. 0 useful and ineffective communication As the topic of this essay relates, achieving effective communication is vital. So before discussing about(predicate) methods of achieving effective communication, it is more level-headed to discuss what is meant by effective communication and what is meant by ineffective commu nication. 4. 1 What is effective communication?The communication process can be accepted as an effective one, when the receiver decodes and understand the message as intended by the sender. Furthermore, a proper feedback from the receiver to the sender will also facilitate effective communication. 4. 2 Importance of effective communication Effective communication skills is most in all likelihood to prevent conflicts and solve current conflicts it is learnt that through effective means of communication people can negotiate and come up at possible solutions. The benefits of effective communication are many an(prenominal) as they enhance all aspects of personal and professional lives. . 3 What is ineffective communication? This is a process by which the meaning the receiver attaches to a message may be completely different to the message intended by the sender. So it is evident that the basic concept of communication, which is sharing ideas and information among each other will be broken down if ineffective communication takes place. 4. 4 Importance of effective communication to an organization According to Panse (2009), virtually companies and organizations have people working in small teams.This has been found to be more effective and productive than a single individual travail away at a project. When you have three or quadruple more people working on an issue, you have the advantage of having get at to more ideas and solutions for the project, of having more checking safeguards against any flaws in the plan, and of being able to gain more network connections. A group is also more likely to take on and complete large-scale, complex projects. For the team to operate smoothly there must be open and efficient communication between the members of the teamTeam communication is important for the following reasons Project-related information needs to be shared. each member of the team needs to be acquainted with the team goal and his/her role in the team. Effective and open communication lines require feelings of trust and of belonging to the team. The more the members feel valued the more dedicated they are likely to be, and this in turn makes it easier for the team as a full-length to achieve its goals. 4. 5 Affects of ineffective communication on an organization Ineffective communication hampers organizational success.This can also be seen as miscommunication. In an organization ineffective communication can occur due to many reasons. So it is important as a manager to curb these issues and create an effective communication channel. Ineffective communication leads to conflict within the organization and lead to distortion of information and this misunderstanding between department and individuals. leave out of effective communication may lead to a breakdown in interactions between employees in the organization. 5. Identifying and overcoming communication barriers.As discussed under the communication process, communication barr iers are universal for any type of communication. In the perspective of an organization, barriers to communication can be divided into two main categories as individual barriers and organizational barriers. 5. 1 Individual barriers Individual barriers are fatigue, poor listening skills, view toward the sender or the information, lack of interest in the message, fear, mistrust, past experiences, damaging attitude, problems at home, lack of common experiences, and emotions. . 2 Organizational barriers One of the major(ip) organizational barriers is the high power distance between low and high level employees. Due to this subordinates will not share sensitive information with their superiors as a result of the fear of facing negative reactions from the top management towards them. Poorly structured organizational channels will also active as an organizational barrier towards communication. 5. 3 Methods of overcoming barriers Using structural feedback Training employees to involve active listening when they communicate Training employees to reserve their emotions Eliminating differences in perception Proper communication channel selection By using some or all of the methods mentioned above, an organization can conquer the impact done by communication barriers. 6. Conclusion In cobblers last under the current situation, effective communication has universally become required in order to achieve success. According to Kondrat (2009), Communication is the lifeblood of every organization.A vital means of attending to company concerns is through effective internal communication. If a manager is able to communicate their ideas clearly, so that employees definitely know what is asked of them, the subordinates will, consequently, perform their jobs correspondingly. On contrast, an aggressive way of managing reports results in employees getting more and more frustrated often guessing what their real faults are To achieve effective communication, one must have a clear understanding about the communication process and how it functions.On the other hand, having a thorough understanding about the communication process will not help to build up effective communication. So it is wiser to find out what factors make communication effective. As discussed above, what make a communication process ineffective are the communication barriers. When those barriers are in place, they can disrupt the communication process in a huge manner. Those barriers will make, encoding and decoding the message hard. If it happens, the message will not be sent and received as intended.So hence the whole communication process will become ineffective, as the restore reason for the process existence relies on conveying the intended message properly. This proves that identifying and overcoming communication barriers are important to have effective communication. Understanding the communication process will definitely help to make communication effective, barely it will not eradicate the main obstacles for effective communication, which are the communication barriers.So it is now very clear that identifying and overcoming the communication barriers are far more important for effective communication than understanding the communication process. 7. References Communication Skills-Start Here, (1995). Retrieved on April 30, 2010 from http//www. mindtools. com/CommSkll/CommunicationIntro. html Management Skills Resources, (2009). Retrieved on may 1, 2010 from http//www. bizmove. com/skills/m8g. htm Maya Pillai, (n. d). Barriers to effective Communication, Retrieved on May 1, 2010 from http//www. buzzle. om/articles/barriers-to-effective-communication. html Mortensen (1998) Communication Models, Retrieved on May 1, 2010 from http//www. shkaminski. com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models. htm Overcoming Communication Barriers, (n. d) , Retrieved on May 1, 2010 from http//managementstudyguide. com/overcoming-communication-barriers. htm Sonal Panse, (2 009). Effective team communication. Retrieved on May 1, 2010, from http//www. buzzle. com/articles/small-group-communication-effective-team-communication. html Feedback Barriers Receiver Message Sender

African Civilization

Chapter 1 Physical Context of African History Geography and milieu 1. Although some may think of Africa as being of a single climate and terrain description, in reality a wide variety of land types can be ensn be throughout Africa. How does this wide variety of climates and physical terrains affect world flavor and blockage patterns on the African continent? Different terrains and climates entirelyowed for dissimilar lifestyles for Africans in polar regions. Those close to the sea were susceptible to invasion, but had the advantage of maritime trade.Those hold more in land were isolated but protected by the diseases visitors would bid that did non affect the locals. Due to the fact that Africa is so massive, it has umteen different climates and terrain types. Some atomic number 18 more favorable to living conditions for benevolentness and some not so ofttimes such as the Sahara Desert. varlet reader 4-8 Topic Physical Features of the Continent 2. Despite its large si ze, much of Africa has a very low population density. What are the reasons that most of Africas population is crowded in a few sm all told regions?This is receivable to the fact that there are a few areas in which the shorten is not poor. Areas such as volcanic highlands in which are storage tank and rush richer soils, allowing for important crops to deform. varlet ref 8-9 Topic Challenges of the African Environment 3. What factors limit the farming(a) viability of land in Africa? why is this attend ton more in some parts of the continent than in others? Assess how these factors would most apparent affect human populations in Africa. There are parts of Africa in which the soil is very poor imputable to years of inactivity.This makes it harder for farmers to tend and grow crops. Other parts get barely any rain or too much rain. Human population would be more vainglorious in areas where there is good soil, allowing for the flourishing of society. page Ref 9 4. How has the presence of disease in Africa served as both a compulsory and a negative factor throughout its history? Diseases in Africa served as a positive in that it protected Africans from invasions. turn outsiders who tried to invade where not accustom to tropical parts of the Country which carried many diseases.The locals were born in raised in these areas which made them fair better as their immune systems were accommodateed to these diseases. knave Ref 9-12 5. There are several radical differences between malaria and yellow fever in terms of their opinions on manhood. pick outing the differences between the two, which disease would affirm had a great effect on preventing foreign intervention and advancement in Africa? When run oning your answer, consider the effect these diseases had on indigenous populations as well. Yellow Fever would have the greater effect on preventing foreign invasion.This is true because unlike malaria Africans usually contract yellow fever as kids and become immune to it, unlike outsiders who are not. Malaria is both equally fatal to outsiders as it is to locals, especially cerebral malaria. paginate Ref 9-11 6. Assess the region of trypanosomiasis in the formation of the African economy. set up specific examples to support your assessment. Trypanosomiasis unnatural the formation of the African economy by the way it affected animals. Due to the fact that this disease killed many animals, areas in which the disease was prevalent would hurt the local economy.It prevented people in these areas to persevere cattle which were important for their livelihoods. Additionally, the fact that this disease was cruel to Horses, the military would be affected as well, overdue to the sheer importance of horses for military uses. 7. get explanations given for the rising number of cases of trypanosomiasis in the recent former(prenominal). What cause do you feel this increase and the cause behind it would have on life in Africa amongst nat ive populations as well as foreign settlers? As long as there are areas that are depopulated, tsetse wing will begin to redeveloped in these areas.This will cause cattle to miscarry out and affect the local and foreign farmers. page Ref 12 8. Despite very similar climates, the histories of Africa and Australia and its surrounding islands have been very different. Consider the theory presented in the text to explain this reality, and assess how it can be applied to labor union the States. This can be applied to labor union America, due to the fact that as climates and terrains change and diseases take a toll on population, one must adapt with the environment in which we live in. varlet Ref 12-13 Topic The African Environment in Global military position . Consider how Africas geographics has changed over time. What positive and negative effects would these changes have had on human populations on the continent? As their vernal homes changed they were able to adapt due to their innovative mindset. This can be attributed to the rising ensnare organization thanks to language. Allowing Africans to grow and expand throughout the stallion continent. Other factors that can be attributed are the change in geography for some parts such as the Sahara drying out and swamps and lakes disappeared. Page Ref 4-8 Topic Physical Features of the Continent 0. Compare African geography to North American geography. Despite any similarities, significant differences exist in agricultural patterns and population density. What are the reasons for these differences, and how do they reflect the uniqueness of Africa? Africa is an extremely boastfully continent and because of this there are many different climates and terrains. North America can fit three times in the continent of Africa. Although North America has a vast set of climates and terrains as well, it does not have to deal with the sheer size of Africa in order to flourish.North America in addition tends to get an eve n amount of rain throughout the continent, unlike Africa. In Africa the people must take advantage of the rich terrains, reason why some areas are so populated as opposed to others. Page Ref 4-8 Chapter 2 Africa and Human Origins 1. How did the theories espo utilize by biologists such as Carl Linnaeus and Charles Darwin alter previous perceptions of human origins and animal life on earth? What role do you believe these theories had in establishing Africa as the original home of human life on earth?Both Carl and Charles believed that humans adapted from a primates. This way of view that humans adapted from a past species due to environmental changes, got the ball rolling on a way of thinking involving evolution. As a result of the remains of a skeleton that was found in Germany that could not be identified. This seemed to give proof to the idea of adaptation. Because the earliest human ancestor specimen remains were found in Africa, gave shed light on to it being the origin of hum an life on earth. Page Ref 15-16 Topic evolutionary Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race . Why do paleontologists believe that fossils of creatures such as Australopithecus africanus and Homo erectus are ancestors of modern humans? Do you discern this evidence to be believable? Why or why not? I do find the evidence to be credible due to the many similarities between their body structure and ours. As we have found through history, that all living things adapt to their environment. We are just a more adapted form of these fossils. Page Ref 16-19 Topic Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s 3. What effect did the mobility of Homo erectus have on the course of human history?Why is this important, and what does it signal astir(predicate) its role in evolutionary biology? The mobility of Homo erectus allowed for the developments of tools such as the Acheulean. They also were the first to expand into different environments, allowing for expansion and population harvest- tide. This affected human history in a great way, because their expansion allowed for the growth and survival of the human race. Page Ref 18-19 4. What potential flaws do you see with the Multiregional vex of human development? Assess the evidence in support of this model. The evidence that an extra evolution only passed through Europe is sketchy.There is zip fastener to prove that porcines only existed in Europe and nowhere else. All past Homo species eventually evolved into what we are today. That should show us that we are all equal and no race is superior to the other. Page Ref 19 5. How have paleontological discoveries made within the past few decades contributed to our acquaintance close to the origins and evolution of modern humans? Were these all in Africa? What cogency explain this? Through the breakthrough of the past fossils it gave us proof of human evolution through time. Not all were found in Africa as there was one found in Germany for example.However it appear s that the oldest fossils we evolved from are indeed found in Africa. Page Ref 19-22 Topic New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s 6. How does the come out of Africa model differ from the Multiregional model? What evidence exists to show that one is likely more accurate than the other? The main difference is that in the push through of Africa model most of the evolution took place in Africa. While in the Multiregional model evolution occurred in isolation in different areas of the world. And additionally, there was an extra evolution step in Europe.Most of the fossil evidence supports the Out of Africa model and most experts agree in that all humans total from Africa originally. Page Ref 19, 21-22 Topic Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s, New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s 7. The fall out of race has long been controversial in evolutionary biology and related fields of study. What does the Out of Africa model contribute to the debate on race, and what does it recall for theories on race as a biological construct? This model states that all humans are the same race essentially (African) and it does not matter what color skin we are if the origins all trace tooshie to Africa.The theories of race are only about individuality and social and policy-making classes. At the end of the day everybody is just one race human. Page Ref 22 Topic Questioning Race 8. What is the significance of Neanderthal fossils? How do these differ from other fossils, and how have they contributed to ideas regarding race and racial high quality? Neanderthal fossils are the closest fossils to the human race. They have the closest skull measurements, essentially making them closest to being as smart as humans today. Neanderthals since the 1980s are considered the end of an evolution for a species that is radically different from modern humans.However, before this determination the Europeans viewed the Neanderthals as an example of racial superiority. Page Ref 19 Topic Evolutionary Perspectives to the 1980s 9. Where do primal ideas about race and race specific characteristics originate? What does this hint about Europeans prior to the development of evolutionary biology and related theories regarding the development of racial differences? They originated from the scientist try to find proof of races superiority over another one. Europeans were trying to justify racial segregation, denial of rights, and colonial rule. Page Ref 15-16Topic Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race 10. How has the Human Genome Project been used to establish Africas place in the story of human origins? What has it revealed, and what does it signify about evolutionary biology and the Out of Africa model? It prove that all human population shares an incredibly close genetic relationship. It also proved that humans lived in Africa longer than any other part of the world. This discovery gives scientific support in that all humans races ori ginate in Africa. Page Ref 21-22 Topic New Perspectives and Debates since the 1980s

The Catastrophe of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

On April 26 1986, the reactor Unit 4 at the Chernobyl nuclear advocate plant was non working properly. When workers tried to fix this problem in reactor 4 by shutting down the its power correct system and its emergency safety systems, this caused the most serious and dangerous possibility in the history of nuclear power generation. The Chernobyl shot released large amounts of hot materials into in the atmosphere, which were carried by air currents. Soon subsequently this catastrophe, these hot materials were transmit by the wind over many countries, which polluted their atmosphere.The release of radiotherapy had a deadly effect on peoples health and the environment thus, onward building such a plant, safety and emergency procedures must be guaranteed. The radioactive materials, which train been released from the accident, affected peoples health for several years. The Russian administration admitted the release of radioactivity, when the Swedish monitoring stations re ported abnormal spirited levels of wind transported radioactivity as clarified by the International atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The government had to evacuate many areas and declare it as a Forbidden zone to protect people from radioactivity.Initially the accident caused the death of 32 people(B. Hummer,Nils Chernobyl the accident http//bcf. usc. edu/meshkati/chernobyl. html). The radioactive materials released from this accident are cc times as very much radioactivity as the Hiroshima and Nagasaki explosions (Dahl,Birgitta The Chornobyl Nuclear cataclysm http//scf. usc. edu/melan). Its human death losses and the amount of the radiation released into the environment, raised a large number of problems non only for the treatment of severely candid persons, but as well as The decisions that had to be taken considering the population.Thus, the number of people who were unworthy from cancer was increasing and the number of thyroid cancers among children also increased in the most affected area Belarus, Ukraine and Russia (Encyclopedia of Britannica online). Indeed, for several years, babies were born deformed and thousands were ugly from illnesses and cancer (which takes 8 to 10 years to appear), scientists and doctors were alerted because after only foursome years thyroid cancer increased much more than their expectations and its maturement was more quickly than they expected and its pattern was different from the patterns known work now (Specter,M. Willy The Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power accidents The mod York times, Sunday march 31,1996).All these factors have increased diseases among the people subsisting in the exposed area and the workers involved in clearing the place after the accident. In my opinion, it is extremely difficult to imagine the psychological effects of Chernobyl accident on the people who make loved it. In addition, this emotional try on and other psychological factors are the main possible cause of peop les illnesses after the accident and in the future.The radiation did not only affect peoples health but it polluted the environment and the territories beside the reactor. The area beside Chernobyl was heavily polluted because 70% of the radioactive substances fell on it (Encyclopedia of Britannica online). As stated by Najmedin Meshkati, a nuclear scientist The most dangerous thing was the food pollution (cesium, strontium, plutonium and americium) in milk and meat products are with concentration several ampere-second times gameer than pre accident levels and often above the permitted levels and it pull up stakes not disappear before 300 years.Although, people know that these regions are heavily polluted and that meat and milk products have accumulated high quantities of radioactive substances, more than 1. 8 million people are mollify living there (Specter,M. Willy The Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power accidents The New York Times, Sunday march 31,1996). They drin k radioactive fluids, eat radioactive substance (cesium131) will stay in the food and liquids and will not disappear completely before 300 years.The consequences of these substances will not be noticed but after many years and it will not only affect the present generation but also the future generation. To crack maximum safety, emergency systems should be guaranteed before building any nuclear power plant. Thus, authorities must not omit the possibility of the occurrence of an accident. The failure of workers to identify the problem between the systems to insure safety, and their failure to cooperate with each other is unacceptable.Workers must be prepare to deal with real emergency situations in order to respond firm and to control it. However, after Chernobyl, solutions to insure the safety of large-scale technological systems have fallen into the categories of management and apostrophize control (B. Hummer,Nils Chernobyl the accident -http//bcf. usc. edu/meshkati/chernobyl . html). The constitute to lightheaded up the mess caused by the nuclear power plants are much more expensive than to install a new emergency system. Thus, the cost to maintain safety is negligible compared to the cost, which they have to pay if an accident happened.Moreover, authorities must be strict concerning the regulations of nuclear power plants. Many improvements in radiation protection and emergency preparations have been made, possible by the Chernobyl experience (Encyclopedia of Britannica online). The lessons drawn from the Chernobyl accident are valuable humans life is precious. Thus, human must learn from their mistakes and know how to prevent their happening especially if these mistakes may cost innocent peoples lives. An accident such as the catastrophe of Chernobyl is a descrase for humanity, thats why we cannot afford such mistakes again. Because some mistakes are unforgiving.

Enhancing traffic police performance in Egypt Essay

VisionMy vision is that of a public service ( handicraft legal philosophy) with a exploit culture, client-foc employ (Public) and progenys oriented ( more than organized economy) and to decide and examine its current performance in terms of efficiency and effectiveness, and according to the current performance situation, we willing try to get back the factors that leads to this situation and besides the means to recover or maintain such(prenominal) situation.Where argon we now?Many pubic servants argon unclear about what the over on the whole objectives be and just what is expected of them. only if to concentrate on dealings jurisprudence performance, lets first explain the sum of performance. Job performance ( ) is mea accreditedd as the quantity and feel of tasks consummate(a) by an individual or group. This definition urges us to know what factors determine individual performance.In answering this question, the following individual performance compargon is a good star ting point-Performance = Ability x Support x EffortWe micturate to handle each of the preceding(prenominal) three elements, to identify the current points of weakness and strength in traffic police performance and determine whether there is a current inefficiency and/or effectiveness or non.First AbilityAbility establishes an individuals capacity to perform at a high level of accomplishment. By examining this factor on traffic police soldiers and representatives, we may find that more of them lake the appropriate and effective ability to gain in police.I intrust that many of them are doing their convey in a careless elbow room, a way that no adept feels responsible toward his call on.You female genitals say they are working under pressure and stress of their superior, where, fear and expectation of penalization and insulation is the only dominate on their sort which in flow affect their performance, so they pretend that they are doing their work by checking the car, m adcap endorses and other traffic regulations but actually there is no parsimony and no sense of responsibility watch their performance.You can find the way police policemans treat their soldiers or subordinates, you will find it a rattling aggressive way, also you can conclude the deliberateion of this treatment on their behavior, for sure this treatment has a negative effect on their behavior and attitude toward their work and they will continuously try to do their work in a manner that pr evet their officers not to repeat such treatment.Second SupportE rattling one needs support, even if his work is of high performance, support can be represented in motivation, no stress, encouragement and the most important thing is the persons sapidity that he will be recognizeed for this work performance.I would like to fail an example for this-Once when I was waiting in traffic mark and before it turned green to pass, at that time I remembered that I have forgotten to lock the croupe belt and I shew a police representative coming to me to check my driving license and to charge me with a penalty which was EGP 50, I told him that I forgot to lock the seat belt and this was the first time but he pretended that he did not hear to me and started to write a penalty, at that time I hint to him that I will give him EGP 10, actually he caught the bullion in a certain manner that I am sure that he tried it many times in order not to be seen by his officer or any one else, because I passed by the car without any penalties.Examples for this kind of behavior are many and actually they are common in traffic police stations as I am Manager of Tax dept. and railroad car pool section , my subordinates in car pool section who are responsible for making car licenses and its renewal usually come and told me that they requital bribe for the employee who handle the cars file, the Engineer who make the management of the car, the person who is assigned to choose the car number a nd the metal board, and even the person who hang the metal board on the car.So no one work for his salary that he is creation paid at the end of the month. That is what I intend to mean when I said that either one should feel that he is rewarded for his performance so that every one will try to do his best in order to be paid additional income or incentive or bonus to be encouraged to improve his effectiveness in his work.Also there is neediness of technology, new technology must(prenominal) be founded in order to helper and support police officers to improve their work performance efficiency. I am sure that you will agree with me when I remembered you with the computer system used in the traffic police station, is it effective?Many times when I go to the traffic police station to renew my car license, I found that the computer system is out of order and I have to stay for an hour or half an hour till its being repaired.Third EffortAny person should only work in the place he lo ves, so as to give it the maximum exploit he can, this means that traffic police officers, representatives and soldiers as well must believe in the job they do and should recognize that they work in a so critical area that no exception, no cautions can be applied in its regulations.Once the person believes in that, he will exert as much effort as he can in order to perform effectively and efficiently.Through the above, do you determine now where we are?Using an expired license for both years, during which the traffic police checked it 6 times and returned it back without pickings any regulatory procedure, for sure there is lake of ability as the police working while they are not working indeed so they are not effective, also there was lake of support as they are not feel satisfaction that they should be provided and supported by their work so that they are performing ineffective. Finally there was lake of effort as they do not believe in the objective of the work they do to exert effort for it so their performance is inefficient.What is expected in the next?I think that the first step in the improvement extremity is the selection of right quite a little, as any organizations achievement is ultimately determined by the quality of its workforce, the right people not only can execute the tasks postulate to achieve the organizations objective, they also are a product of and are motivated by the supporting people who provide clear regulations and instruction and maintain promiscuous relation and communication with the whole workforce, in addition to compensation and reward according to the work performance.The most important change that I forecast to be effected in the future is the launch of new technology in the traffic police system, which I think it will reflect remarkable advancements in the efficiency and increased productivity to provide more traffic law enforcement with the same staff and at less trouble to the public.virtual(prenominal) abetter _or_ abettor A Mobile technology SolutionA new technology used by Delray Beach Police incision, Virtual Partner is an efficient, timesaving, easy-to-use application that increases efficiency and productivity in several areas. The software package was designed and developed by those who stood to benefit the most from the technology, the police officers themselves. These officers, in their quest, exceeded the boundariesof ordinary operations by developing a technology that has unimagined output in terms of efficiency, adaptability, productivity, and ease, at nominal cost.The Virtual Partner application consists of four political platform components. The automated response system provides industrious responses to queries made by officers to the National Criminal breeding Center (NCIC) and the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles (DHSMV). Ever mindful of officer safety, the developers include a constituent response function that verbally relays development in response to queries entered by the officers. In terms of officer safety, Delray Beach feels the voice response capability was a major breakthrough. Using voice response, an officer can remain focused on the offender and the offenders vehicle without looking at a computer screen, thereby change magnitude the officers safety and eliminating distractions.The voice response provides the officer with item information needed such as tag and drivers license status as well as color, make and exercise of the vehicle. The officers also customized the schedule to their needs so that it would eliminate unnecessary information and only relay pertinent information requested by the officers. The programme confirms warrant hits by signaling the officer with an audible alert tone.The program verbally relays back case numbers, dispatch time, and other requests made by the officer, as well as gate codes to any of the secured gated-communities. The system is also equipped with a two dimensional ba rcode capability that reads the drivers license information on licenses from other states that have a charismatic strip for so-called swipe capability. The information generated from any of these inquires can be automatically entered onto forms commonly used by police officers.The capability of the program continued to develop after the officers determined the utility and performance they needed from technology. Through their efforts, several components to the system have been engineered that unequivocally changed Delray Beachs technology from a hindrance to an asset.Also its a very important tool needed to enhance the performance effectiveness of traffic police, Traffic Police organization should develop a quality control system for traffic information dissemination to the public. Currently, there is no organized way of monitoring the accuracy of information disseminated to the public.Development of a quality control system will require the following-1. Identification of all types of information being disseminated, the source of each type of information, and the means of dissemination.2. substantiation of procedures for checking the accuracy of each type of information.3. Establishment of policies regarding the frequency with which information is to be verified.4. Identification of personnel to monitor information quality.The way by which the information is delivered to the public is very important to think of, and give it the priority, as people needs to aware of what they usually forget as a result of occupation in their life needs.

The Teen Pregnancy

Teen pregnancy wasnt always a problem. Even a century long time ago, men and women married and started their families latterly life expectancy was further shorter than it is today school wasnt n too soon as important or wide available and newfangled families conformed to the established societal norm. However, today in the authentic world, teenageaged pregnancy is a problem that ca sparing consumptions a wide send of social and economic problems. The United States leads the developed world in teen pregnancies, with over twice as many per year as owing(p) Britain or Canada, four times as many as France, and hug drug times as many as Japan or the Netherlands (Popenoe).As many as 34% of wholly teenage girls become meaning(a) at least once in the beginning they be 20 years old, resolutioning in an astounding rate of 820,000 pregnancies a year. Nearly all of those pregnancies are out of wedlock and unwanted and so about half of those pregnancies result in abortion. Povert y and race are correlated with teen pregnancy, too, as teen mothers are more deally to be poor and ride out poor if they start a family. Teen mothers are unlikely to give the axe high school fewer than one-third of teen mothers receive their full stop and a mere 1. 5% receive a college degree before they are 30 (The National Campaign To Prevent Teen maternity).Additionally, teenage pregnancies frequently result in short- and long-term health problems for some(prenominal) mother and child. Long-term social effects include the perpetuation of beggary and the weakening of the economic muscle of the nation clearly something essential be done to prevent teen pregnancy in the United States. many people believe mistakenly believe that invoke training and suffer control distri merelyion willing solve the pandemic of teen pregnancy. The vestigial message is that if the deliver control methods and instruction fails, then at least the teen can have an abortion to prevent starti ng a family.Sex education focuses on safe conjure the proper use of nascence control devices including prophylactics and hormonal contraceptives. Barrier birth control devices like condoms can prevent charge upually- inherited diseases as closely as pregnancies. Many schools, partnership and health centers distribute condoms for free to encourage teens to practice safe sex. The birth control approach to teen pregnancy is based on an effrontery that teenagers are going to have sex no matter what, because sex is a natural biological instinct or because of peer pressure.By commandment method safe sex, teachers and parents feel that at least they are minimizing the chances of make a pregnancy or spreading a sexually transmitted disease. Sex education also eliminates the need to address the complex example and psychological issues associated with teen pregnancy issues that are controversial politically and hard-fought to discuss. In spite of the rationale behind the prophylact ic approach to teen pregnancy, distributing birth control freely to teenagers will fail to solve the epidemic and in fact contributes to the problem of teen pregnancy.Telling teens that they should use birth control and then handing them birth control devices is frankly condoning and even supporting premarital teen sex. The practice is irresponsible and irrational, because teen pregnancies are furthermost more common now than they were in the 1960s, when birth control and sex education were non a part of the school curriculum. Moreover, sex education starts at a young age, in many cases before the young person is even interested in having sex, increasing the likelihood of mis transforming, misinterpreting, or misapplying the information.In many cases students do not pay attention either. hostile to what many people believe, teenagers in the modern industrialized world do not have the mental or emotional maturity to understand the ramifications of sexual intercourse. In the old da ys, teens married young and their pregnancies usually occurred at bottom wedlock and in a socially-sanctioned setting. Now, teen pregnancies lead to social and economic problems. Furthermore, all birth control devices fail occasionally and many are difficult to use properly by adults, let alone unskilled teens.At least half of all teen pregnancies result in abortion, which many teens begin to view as a form of support birth control. The emphasis on birth control and sex education compound the underlying moral degeneracy that causes teen pregnancy in the United States, contributing to racial, gender, and social inequity, to poverty as to the denigration of life. article of belief abstemiousness is the only meaningful way to reduce teen pregnancy because teaching frugality addresses the root causes of the problem and provides an effective long-term solution. self-control is not a religious idea or a irrational idea abstinence is a practical solution to a sobering problem. Pare nts and teachers should teach abstinence first, before they teach children about birth control. article of faith abstinence now wont be easy because teens expect to have sex and because the media targeted at teens reinforces a view that having sex is normal, cool, and healthy. A message of abstinence goes against what teens see on television so many teens as easily as adults may resist the idea. The idea of abstinence may be linked to religious beliefs and therefore many will construe the teaching as being biased.Its not biased. Teaching abstinence is a universal, practical, impartial way to prevent teen pregnancies and the concurrent health, social, and economic problems that go on with it. Teaching abstinence requires a two-fold plan. First, abstinence must be taught from an early age, in school and at home. Second, abstinence teaching must be continued doneout junior(a) and high school and reinforced by community messages and outreach. Teaching abstinence from an early age ensures that the individual will develop an emotional and cognitive framework that will last through their lives.When taught from an early age, abstinence becomes the norm, replacing sexual promiscuity or experimentation as the norm. Teaching abstinence at a young age, from late elementary school, is inexpensive and easy, requiring no special materials or funding. The education does not need to be presented from a religious perspective, but young students should look about the moral and social ramifications of pregnancy so that they can individually choose abstinence when they reach puberty. Abstinence is a preventative teaching that must be reinforced throughout the pre-teen and teen years.Because they are influenced to a great extent by the media and by their peers, teenagers must receive continual guidance and support, and secureness exposure to the message of abstinence. Therefore, abstinence education must continue into junior high and high school, if not in a formal gro und level setting than through posters, pamphlets, and other accessible material. Parents must also get in by regularly talking to their teenage children, asking them questions about their social life, answering the teens questions as honestly and frankly as possible. Basically, abstinence must become a state of mind, a new social norm. reduction the alarming and embarrassingly high rate of American teen pregnancies requires not a more aggressive birth control campaign but a more systematic abstinence campaign. If we fail to teach abstinence soon, from an early age, and systematically, then teen pregnancies will continue to plague young American women, contributing to social and economic injustice as well as widespread health issues. All Americans can see the ostracize of teen pregnancy it is a problem shared by all of us and therefore all of us are responsible for changing the underlying social norms that contribute to the problem and promoting abstinence.

Journal on Chapter One of Al Gore’s “The Assault on Reason” Essay

In the first chapter titled Politics of Fear of Al bloodsheds Book, The Assault on Reason, the author basically dealt with one of the well-nigh prominent human emotions dismay. According to Gore, worship is the prime enemy of reason. When a person experiences headache of something or someone, his or her reasoning ability is unsympathetic down. In addition, Gore claims that fear overly clouds a persons apprehension as it drives him or her to act recklessly or irrationally with expose considering all options available. Furthermore, Gore also pointed out in his book that fear does non only affect a single individual, but an full(a) nation as well.According to him, a nation crippled by fear is unable to act towards development and progress because it does not do anything to overcome that fear. On the other hand, based on Gores book, when a person views fear as a form of pauperism for him or her, he or she would eventually act to overcome that fear and accomplish his or her goal. Generally, I agree with most of the arguments that Gore pointed out in the first chapter of his book, particularly on the areas where he related fear to politics. I cerebrate that Gore was right in saying that on that point are times when people fail to distinguish between the illusionary fears and the legitimate or real ones. When this happens, people may find it exceedingly difficult to think rationally and plan their next move because their judgment is clouded and they are unable to listen to reason. Furthermore, I also retrieve that Gore was correct when he claimed that the present administration in the get together States as used the peoples fear, which spawned after the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001, to manipulate various political processes and made people believe that all Iraqis were the ones responsible for the attacks. For me, I believe that it is wrong to think all Iraqis or Muslims are terrorists merely because their fellowmen may have committed heinous crimes. I believe this is the high hat example of the fear that has been plaguing US citizens since the 9/11 attacks. I also believe that the nation should first identify which fear is legitimate and which is not before exercising judgment.

Assess The Usefulness Of Labelling Theory In Explaining Crime And Deviance

management on inter biteionist approaches such(prenominal) as Becker (1963) pockling theory suggests that deviancy is a loving motion usually related to power differences but it doesnt beg off the causes of crime. It does however explain why some people or actions ar described as unnatural, and tail help in understanding crime and deviance. Becker argues deviance is a behaviour which has been commemorateled aberrant by the reaction of others. This suggests that in that location is authentically no such thing as a deviant act. An act only becomes deviant when others perceive it as such.The application of a label to someone has signifi faecest consequences for how that person is treated by others and perceives him or herself. Studies such that by Jock and green (1971) exemplify Beckers claim that on that point is no such thing as deviant behaviour. Interpretivist sociologists (interactionist) argue that we leap our self-identity by interpreting how others respond to u s and internalising the reaction. A label can have positive and cast out effects on an individual and it helps coiffure them in the eyes of others. Becker calls this the self-c one timept.Interactionist theory suggests that being labelled as deviant can actually increase deviant behaviour. For example if a person is in trouble with the police then they are more presumable to resort to criminal activity or criminal behaviour. Jock girlish (1971) used his study of drug users in Notting hill to demonstrate the act upon of becoming deviant. The studies showed 4 different stages. Firstly, the marijuana users developed a deviant self-concept because their drug of choice was illegal then the deviant element became their main(prenominal) identity in fiat.They were considers hippies first and foremost then the negative response of those around them and the police made the drug taking a significant part of their live and then their drug taking increased. Labelling theory is clearly va lidates behaviour. Additionally, Lemert (1972) identifies primary and thirdhand deviance. Primary being when deviance is not universely labelled as much secondary is deviance that follows once a person has been publicly labelled as deviant.Lemert drew a distinction between primary and secondary deviance through a study ofstuttering amongst a Native American nation. He observed that public oratory was important among the nation yet displayed high levels of stuttering. When young boys showed both destination defect parents reacted with such concern that the child became worried approximately it and more nervous causing him to stutter. Therefore the primary deviance of the speech defect was not that important, it was the effect of the worried parents, labelling the child, causing the nervousness, leading to the secondary deviance of stuttering.Thus showing that societal reaction, promoted by a concern close to particular forms of deviance can actually produce those forms of devia nce. Contrastingly there are critiques of Lemert and Beckers studies. Akers (1967) criticises both Becker and Lemert for presenting individuals as powerless it make decisions or take control of their own identity. Deviance, according to Akers, is not something which happens to an individual, but a choice an individual makes.Goffman (1961) substantiates the idea of labelling theory via his study of a deviant career in mental illness. He stated that the negative label of being mad is imposed on the patient by society and psychiatry, and the patient must eventually conform to it. However, critics such as Taylor, Walton and Young (1973) argue many forms of behaviour are widely viewed as deviant- so deviants actually know that they are breaking the law or social rules before the societal reactions however they still continue to do it.Marxist sociologists inculpate Interpretivist of ignoring the role of power in defining crime and deviance. Marxists state that true groups have the power to influence what is classified as criminal or socially acceptable. Furthermore, Gouldner (1973) accused interactions sociologists of being fascinated with deviance, and even suggests they enjoy observe cool deviants, and hanging out with the underworld.In evaluation, it is unequivocal that there are contrasting views on labelling and social influence on deviance. It is also evident that interactionist sociologists focus on the little things and take the micro approach to issues such as crime and deviance. They focus on interactions between individuals. One can criticise that by also focusing on the bigger prospect it may be evident how the small interactions affect the larger surpass infrastructure of society.

Broadening Your Prospective Essay

1. see the natural action-based overhead rate for each activity cost pool. Activity-based overhead is resolved by dividing estimated overhead by the estimated cost drivers. Activity cost kitten Estimated Overhead /Cost drivers=ACB Overhead Rate Market analysis 1,050,00015,000$70Product Design2,350,0002,500$940Product development3,600,00090$40,000Prototype testing1,400,000500$2,8002. How much cost would be charged to an in-house manufacturing department that consumed 1,800 hours of market analysis time, was provided 280 designs relating to 10 growths, and requested 92 design tests?The total charged to an in-house manufacturing department would be $1,046,800. This dollar amount is heady by multiplying the overhead rates of each activity to the amount consumed for that activity and added together for a total. (1,800*70= 126,000), (280*940=263,200) (10*40,000=400,000), (2,800*92=257,600)3. How much cost would lot as the basis for pricing an R&D bid with an out of doors order o n a contract that would consume 800 hours of analysis time, want 178 designs relating to 3 products, and result in 70 engineering tests?$539,320 would serve as the basis for pricing an R&D bid with an outside alliance because that dollar amount is the breakeven point. (800*70=56,000), (178*940=167,320), (3*40,000= 120,000), (70*2,800=196,000) 4. What is the benefit to Ideal Manufacturing of applying activity-based cost to its R&D activity for both in-house and outside charging purposes? The benefit to Ideal Manufacturing of applying activity-based costing to its R&D activity for both in-house and outside charging purposes is it will exit the company to gain control of the operating costs of the department.Activity-based costing allows a company to appropriately assign overhead head cost. For example, Ideal manufacturing activities vaporize into four pools and activity-based costing helped the company to properly allocate its overhead dollars. downstairs using or over using over head dollars means the company has to supplement those funds from or to another activity which is a violent to the company. The basis of activity-based costing is to assign cost plainly to those activities of a product that is actually using the activity in essences cutting costs. This is not only a benefit to Ideal Manufacturing but to any company that is expression to become more efficient and effective.

Dismissing A Worker For Misconduct

As an HRD Manager what steps you will initiate before dismissing a workman found guilty of mess up where there is the presence of a strong employees labor union.Union or no union, any employee at any aim within an organization, should not be sp atomic number 18d for misconduct and eliminate implement should be taken as per the organizations policies and principles. Having said that the employee in oppugn should be given ample scope, support and assistance to defend his or her case.Upon knowledge of such incidence with a player, the HRD manager,1. Check with the file of the worker, the exposit of such as the date of association and other relevant information. 2. He has to check whether its a case of habitual misconduct or a gross misconduct. 3. In case of habitual misconduct he has to gather the information of the previous incidences, actions taken and remedial corrections on part of the worker, if any. 4. Habitual misconducts include late coming, absenteeism taking freque nt breaks etcetera the worker and the supervisor should be sensitized on the gravity of the misconduct and corrective course suggested.5. In case of a grave misconduct, the worker should be called in and asked to give an explanation. 6. The case has to be briefed to him in specific and he should be asked to present his side of the story. 7. The HRD Manager has to ensure forrader that all details regarding the case are with him and he is through them soundly before sitting with the worker. 8. After the worker has put his case, the manager has to dumbfound to a conclusion whether there is a case in the offset printing place. When evidence of misconduct is apparent, he should seek whether the worker accepts the charges. 9. There could be three consequencesa. the worker accepts the charges b. the worker partial(p)ly accepts the charges c. the worker still denies misconduct.10. When the worker has accepted having done misconduct, appropriate disciplinary action should be initiated as per the policies of the establishment. 11. The same needs to be intimated to the union.12. Any further interference on part of the union becomes wrong and chance are that no such interference will take place once the worker has concord in writing of the misconduct. 13. When the worker has accepted only some of the charges, the HRD manager ahs to establish whether the charges accepted amount to any substantial punishment or not. 14. cross-file cause notice needs to be issued to the worker and appropriate action taken. Union should be intimated of the same.15. In case of non acceptance and partial acceptance to other than grave issues, a domestic inquiry should be initiated using a designated internal investigating officer. 16. When the report of the internal investigation substantiates the misconduct, the union needs to be informed and taken into confidence. 17. When there are chances of resistance from the union, the HRD manager should sit with the representative of union and win his confidence. integrity can use lines such as, this time he has done this with the establishment, next time he may as well ruin the union reputation.18. Post unions confidence appropriate action should be taken. 19. In case of disagreement and incorrect interference and turn by the union, the case should be taken to a tribunal or labour court. 20. In the state of Tamil Nadu, a worker found guilty of misconduct should be given a Final Show Cause Notice, after the report of the internal inquiry. 21. Disciplinary action may, depending on the gravity of the issue, be warning, suspension for a maximum period of 4 days or dismissal. 22. When the worker in question is an office mail carrier of the union, the relevant provisions of the Industrial Disputes Act should be referred to and adhered.

Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence

This free-spirited girl knew that she and her sisters must escape from this place. What characteristics did molly dis acquire which enabled the sisters to escape and return to their families? Not only is this book astir(predicate) how three little aboriginal girls perishled across half of Australia scarcely is alike teaches us how the aboriginals were treated.throughout Doris Pilkingtons and Nugi Garimaras novel, the protagonist mollie, has a set of characteristics that armed service her and her two cousins escape from the re-education camp for half-casts, she is rigid psychicly when she was bullied, she is knowledgeable because she was able to cross half of Australia with no map or compass, and she is very stanch and emotionally attached to her land. When Molly was only approximately four years, she was constantly bullied because she was a half-cast, but besides these constant insults, she was strong and kept despotic.Because she was neither a Mardu nor wudgebulla and was regarded as a mongrel mark and wasnt liked by the aboriginal children so she threw handfuls of sand or stones and threw them at her tormentors, and sometimes she chased them with a stick. But as she got quondam(a) she became used to the insults, and although they still hurt, she didnt show it. This shows Mollys mental strength against her bullies and tried to stay positive even though she Wished that she didnt have light skin so that she didnt have to play by herself. She is also mentally strong because for three young girls to travel from Perth to Jigalong, she needs to be in the right wing mindset and be positive because she was determined to get dressing because she needed to see her family. Not galore(postnominal) people could and would be able to do this but these girls especially Molly were brave and persistent and kept their head up. So it can be said that Molly is mentally strong because she is able to beat her bullies and go back home to Jigalong.When Molly and her t wo cousins escape the camp, she is faced with an long walk without a compass or map, but Molly has gravid up in this land and knows what to do and where to go. She had no fear because the natural state was her kin. This means that the wilderness is her family which always provided shelter, food and sustenance. She also memorised which was they travelled so she knew to head north and to follow the rabbit-proof fence.With her developed bushcraft skills and survival techniques she was able to send her two cousins through traitorous terrain and back home and also go the tracker and constable Rigs to the wrong places. Therefore it can be said that passim the novel, Molly uses her knowledge of the land to get back home safely with her cousins and remove their tracks. Throughout the novel, we see that Molly is very loyal and emotionally attached to her land.We see this when Molly and Gracie were walking through the country when they were or so home and they are pointing out specia l places to each other, for Molly it was a Quick trip down memorys landscape which A feeling of nostalgia brought tears to her eyes. This shows how much she missed and appreciates the land she grew up in and shows us how loyal she is to it. It means so much to her and like in the movie Kanyini without it she is nothing. So it can be said that Molly is loyal and emotionally attached to her land especially when it gets taken away from her.Throughout the novel written by Doris Pilkington and Nugi Garimara, Molly has a set of traits which help her and her cousins escape the re-education camp, travel a substantial distance and get back to Jigalong safely. It was her inner strength, her knowledge of her land and her emotional attachment to her land. We can also learn from this book that someone cannot take from others even if they think it is the right decision. Doris Pilkington and Nugi Garimara tell us just one of many stories that has happened to many of the stolen generation and it m akes us think about it.

Exchange Rate Policies In Developing Countries

The financial stand in in virtually growing countries is unstable due to the senior high school level of puffiness and lame currencies. The fiscal indemnity of a sylvan usually is affected by its financial flip-flop prescribe. A coarse provoke attempt to engage on a reductive or expansionary pecuniary indemnity depending on the nub of silver that is actually in circulation. A plain with to a greater extent come up of money in circulation with increasing puffinessary respect tends to train a reductive monetary constitution where bank interest range is change magnitude and expenditure on metropolis infra geomorphological goods is limited.On the other hand, an expansionary monetary policy encourages the growing in money supply to the parsimoniousness by reducing interest and bank lending drift, and engaging more in capital expenditures. No matter the monetary policy embarked on by a establishment, this goes to wreak the monetary qualify point of muc h(prenominal) demesne. According to Svensson (2000) the signifi endurece of swap dictate on a soils monetary policy lies in the addendumal channel that supercede respect provides for the transmission of monetary policy.Secondly, the supersede measure involve a forward looking protean in which case it provides valuable information in the designing and execution of monetary policy. Thirdly, monetary policy is enhanced through foreign shocks that argon mainly propagated thoroughly in transpose enjoin. A country can utilize either a rooted(p) monetary re-sentencing rate or a fictile deepen rate, depending on the supply rate of money and the monetary independence it choose to stick with.In a ontogenesis country, with bleached institutions, the swop rates of such countries ar determined by relaying in comparative measure with currencies from other strong and stable economies. Thus, it is laborious for these growth countries to scarper whippy give-and-take rates. As a malleable supervene upon rate requires that solid financial structure is laid, and merge, fiscal and monetary policy institutions ar in place.Developing countries engages in resolved rate to operate its shift rate. In direct, a firm rate for monetary throw entails that the countrys central financial institution, i. . the Central Bank spoil and sell the domesticated cash at a given rate. Furthermore, the viability of such monetary operation is entirely tied to the countrys level of world(pre token(a)) reserves held by its authorities. ECONOMICS INDEXES ASSOCIATED WITH A DEVELOPING COUNTRIES just about develop countries ar consumers society with little production. Most revenue and room for generating foreign commutation for this category of country are on prime goods in form of exploration of natural resources and agricultural activities.Agrarian economies and exploration of base products are mainly source for generating foreign transfigure in exploitation countries. In other words, the economies of most ontogenesis countries are tied smoothen to the apron strings of advanced economies. Electronics, technological products, consumable products and finished goods are the main items of import for growing countries. The costs for importing these finished goods are more costly when compared with the amounts that are paid for exports of primary goods and raw materials from ontogeny countries.The inequalities in the pricing organisation in the international market place are unfavorable for development countries. This variable contributes to the foreign reserves of ontogeny countries. Invariably, it affects the determine of specie and its exchange rate. The monetary nurses of ontogeny countries are weak when compared with those of spirited economies. Inflation affects the economicalal growth and development of evolution countries. In a office where there is much money in the economy pursuing little goods in the economy, thi s situation leads to increase in inflation rate.Inflation numbers the purchasing reason of people in a given economy. This weakens the value and use of money as a medium of exchange (especially in a galloping inflationary situation). To Ogbokor (2004), Inflation, in a developing country, encourages inventory solicitation in the form of raw material, excessive investment in intersection building and landed property. As a result, capital is prevented from being utilized for projects required for economic growth.The logical implication of information in developing countries is that there brings about dearth of infrastructural amenities and the reduction of purchasing power of people for embracing a meaningful living. Financial institutions in developing countries, such as in Africa, are highly underdeveloped culminating in lack of depth financial consolidation, extensive inefficiency and over populated urban areas. The stock exchange markets in African countries are still in their embryonic state. They are just beginning to gain ground.In new-fangled times, the Nigerian Stock exchange market (NSE) is making progressive growth in capitalization and growth in stock indexes. The growth in the Nigerian market especially in 2007 financial operation year in the public reform policy taken in the countrys financial sector has aided the stock exchange market in the country. In 2005, the consolidation of the Nigerian banking sector through the recapitalization has brought great cash advance in the banking sector and financial institution (Njoku, 2006).The great feet attained in the reform, policy has led the politics to introduce this recapitalization policy in the redress sector. In the past the Breton institution, such as the International Monetary farm animal (IMF) and the World Bank have recommended several medicines for the ailing economies of third orb and developing economies. Such measures to embark on a structural limiting programmed that result invo lve the devaluation of their currencies, among other measures such as privatization of public enterprises, removal of subsidies on public goods and less government intervention in their countries economies inter-alia.Even though these developing countries have put the structural programmed into use there situation economically still remain the same, sometimes made whisk. This SAP-induced inflation has resulted in adverse income redistribution, leading to increased individualised insecurity and lessened personal satisfaction, while heightening interpersonal and institutional tensions and deterring investment and inhibiting consumer spending (Anyanwu 1992). fiscal EXCHANGE POLICIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES The move to find an appropriate policy for monetary rate for developing countries has being on for decades now.But the quicksilver(a) capital situation in these category of countries have made it more contend for finding a lasting settlement for the monetary exchange these cou ntries. In these view, Velasco (2000) argued, a pregnant conclusion that is shared from the volatile monetary exchange rate from developing countries is that adjustable or crawling pegs are passing fragile in a domain of volatile capital movements. The stuff resulting from massive capital flow reversals and weakened domestic financial systems was excessively strong even for countries that followed sound macroeconomic policies and had life-sized stocks of reserves.Since the 1970s, the volatile nature of the exchange rate of poor and developing countries is seen to be permeant as there are no stable, developed and consolidated financial institutions to peg exchange rate for countries and partners that these developing countries transact international business. The invade here according to Collins (1995) was that the market for the developing countries money were so thin, creating a volatile exchange rate that would be disruptive for economic activity.The missing link for deve loping countries for a lasting solution for its exchange rate has being on the lack of a consolidated financial institution and stable economy. This situation for developing countries is made worst during the 1970s and 80s. Prior to the 1980s, it was widely believed that operating a competitive rudderless exchange rate regime required a level of institutional development that developing countries did not possess (Quirk, 1994 135). The volatile nature of the exchange rate as recognized in the economy of developing countries is not entirely an inherent cause sometimes the activities of foreign and developed economies.For instance, the event of the European currency bloc has aided in rendering the exchange rate more volatile in developing countries. This according to Collingnon (1999) cited in Kawai & Takagi (2003) has made exchange rates surrounded by the three major world currencies more volatile and thereby contributed to the reduction of cross-b differentiate investment worldwid e. The economic structures in developing countries in term of its embryonic and underdeveloped financial institutions are contributory factors that are making them have an unstable and atypical monetary exchange policy.The explanation for the long run inflationary stylus in developing nations, according to the Structuralists, is in terms of certain structural rigidities. These include market imperfections and social tensions in those nations, including the relative inelasticity of the food supply, foreign-exchange constraints, cautionary measures, a rise in the demand for food, a fall in export earnings, hoarding, import substitution, industrialization, and semipolitical in constancy, inter-alia (Ghatak 1995).The devaluation of currency of developing country is make with the aim to create a real basis for measuring workable and accurate exchange rate amongst imports and exports of transactions in the international market. However, the usefulness of real devaluation in stimulat ing growth may await self-evident this view is not uniformly supported either by prior theoretical research or by the experience of countries implementing exchange rate devaluations (Kamin & Rogers 1997). Devaluation of currency of developing countries have it untold hardship and high cost for goods and services.Looking at the devaluation of the Nigerian currency, Anyanwu (1992) argues, the continued naira depreciation has encouraged the export out of goods (especially food stuffs) leading to local anaesthetic scarcity and higher prices. It has similarly encouraged a brain drain, partly in an attempt to describe the benefits of naira depreciation, the remittances from which are mainly used for consumption activities, again aggravating local prices. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A FIXED EXCHANGE RATE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIESIn recent times, some scholars have conducted research to analysis the use of a glacial exchange rate as basis for structuring the exchange rate regime in developing countries. Probity analysis is used to study the determinants of exchange rate regime, build their empirical models around a framework in which the political cost associated with devaluation under fixed exchange rates plays a major role (Frieden et al 2000). In a fixed exchange rate regime, the government of the developing country directly set the noun phrase exchange rate.Given the constraints and undeveloped financial institutions in developing countries, the practice of a fixed monetary exchange rate for developing countries is made sticky. The reinforcement of engaging a fixed exchange rate is to help stimulate a countrys economy. This is aimed at bringing structural change that would integrate the countrys economy into the world economy order in the quickest time possible. This has made currency board of most developing countries to take the move of attaining a fixed exchange rate as a priority that should be attain (Mart, 2004).Before the fall of the Bretton woodwind syst em in 1973, m either countries including many Latin American developing countries had adopted a fixed exchange rate regime. The reason for adopting this exchange rate regime measure is to keep in line inflation, reduce exchange rate volatility or to improve competitiveness (Frieden et al 2000). In addition a fixed exchange rate regime tend to modify government of developing countries be counterbalanced in that they cannot fix any fiscal rate that would be excessive to cause the end or currency collapse.Fixed exchange rate sometimes is used as a short term corrective to harness a developing countrys monetary policy and help it gain credibility. For some developing countries like Poland, Mexico and Vietnam in the 1990s, the fixed exchange rate was utilized as a temporary measure to re-establish these countries policies to gain credibility (Ohno, 1998). Thus, a fixed exchange rate is acceptable in certain circumstances for developing countries, especially where there are unexpected real and financial shocks.However, this should not be permanently used as a measure for operating a developing countries monetary exchange. The flexibility exchange rate is more adequate for revamping the ailing and volatile exchange rate of developing countries. In an unstable world economy, they must retain the ability to combine stability and flexibility as circumstances change. For the same reason, currency boards and permanently fixed exchange rates (with no escape clause) are not to be recommended (ibid).In a galloping inflationary situation in a developing country, the exchange rate policy to adopt is a waxy one that allows currency to float and depreciate. After the tightening of the macroeconomic policies in such a country, it becomes useful to adopt a fixed exchange rate as a measure. As Ohno (1998) puts it, As inflation subsides to a more tractable level (say, 10 to 20 percent per year), the fixed exchange rate becomes a symbol of monetary and fiscal prudence and its ab andonment becomes politically too costly.Invariably, it means that the utilization of a fixed exchange rate should come in when the inflationary rate of a developing country is becoming low and at a manageable level. Furthermore, the utilizing of a fixed exchange regime in developing country is significant in the sentiency that it provides stability of price to local economic agents. This is especially in the case where a country operates an open economy, in which exchange rate volatility may have substantial costs indoors itself (Frieden et al 2000). As earlier stated a country has the plectron either to choose a fixed monetary exchange rate or one that is supple.For developing and emerging economies that want to choose a policy of a permanently fixed exchange rate this can be done through its currency board with it could adopt a common currency (Dollarisation). On the other hand, developing countries can adopt a flexible policy, which according to Taylor (2000) is the only sou nd monetary policy is one based on the trinity of a flexible exchange rate, an inflation target, and a monetary policy rule. However, the benefits and the cost implication of fixed exchange rates depend on the country and those variables and characteristics it is associated.For instance, a country with exceedingly high level of inflation with the urgently take away to stabilize its economy will be beneficial to utilize a fixed exchange rate. The higher the rate of inflation i. e. one on a lower floor some hyperinflationary threshold, the more a fixed rate will inspect competitive pressures on tradable producers and more broadly pressure on the equilibrate of payments (Frieden et al 2000). According to Collins (1995), a government of developing country should opt for a fixed exchange rate regime when it sense and anticipate a small misalignment cost from maintaining the existing peg.In addition, the need for government to adopt a fixed exchange rate is when she believes that disc rete nominal exchange rate registrations have only small political costs, when the government perceived her ability to manage a flexible exchange rate as low, or when the government attempt to stabilize a actually high inflation. Third world countries usually are faced with political instability. During period of political instability, the adopting of fixed exchange rate by a developing country is more pronounced (Frieden et al 2000).The drawback associated with a fixed exchange regime for developing country is that an inflation differential between the pegging country and the anchor generates an appreciation of the real exchange rate, which in the absence of compensating productivity gains, hurts the tradable sector and might generate a balance of payments crisis (ibid) THE posit TO ADOPT A FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES For a country adopting a flexible exchange rate, the government of such country has imperfect control over the nominal exchange rate in its mo netary policy.In this case, the actual exchange rate is influenced by some shocks twain at home and abroad The greater the variance of these shocks the less control policy makers will have over the actual nominal exchange rate (Collins, 1995). The right situation for a government of a developing state to adopt a flexible includes when it perceives and anticipate a large misalignment costs from maintaining a pegged rate, when the political costs to discrete nominal adjustments are high flexibility exchange rate is conducive in such situation.Furthermore, when the government believes her ability to manage a flexible rate was high, and when the government of the state is not planning to stabilize very high inflation (ibid). In the same vain Velasco (2000), argues, If shocks to the goods markets are more prevalent than shocks to the money market, then a flexible exchange rate is preferable to a fixed rate for developing countries.On the other hand, when every movement in the nominal ex change rate is quickly reflected in an upward adjustment in domestic prices, then the insulation provided by flexible exchange rates is nil and thence not expected to provide a satisfactory exchange rate regime (ibid). Under a flexible exchange rate, the change in relative price quickly takes place, strange the situation in fixed exchange rate where it changes slowly. Thus, there is avail for developing borrowing under a flexible exchange rate.A flexible exchange rate gives borrowers an incentive to hedge that may be abstracted under more rigid regimes (Velasco 2000). With the advantage that accomplish flexible exchange rate, it is still expected that each developing countries should choose and adapt to its accept exchange rate system with respect to common basket. Whatever the noble arrangement that is adapted be it a flexible exchange rate regime or a managed float, the important point is that each country in the region should stabilize the real effective exchange rate at no rmal times by targeting a common currency basket (Kawai &Takagi 2003).The need for developing countries to adopt a flexible exchange rate is more on the volatile nature of the countries with weak financial institutions. The negative effect of exchange rate volatility for developing countries on trade is more obvious when compared to those of developed economies. Taking on parity between the difference in exchange rate volatility between developing countries and developing countries, it is seen that work on Pakistans exports to Germany, Japan, and the United States for 1974-85 suggests that exports were importantly adversely affected by disagreement in nominal two-sided exchange rates.On the other hand, the effect of real exchange rate variability on the exports of Chile, Colombia, Peru, the Philippines, Thailand and Turkey have attained the clear evidence of generally considerably negative and substantial impact (ibid). Scholars have advocated more of flexible exchange rate for d eveloping countries than a fixed one, however there are demerits associated with the use of flexible exchange rate. According to Collins (1995), flexible exchange rates make it very difficult to alter domestic price and wage setting behavior so as to reduce inflation.More flexible exchange rate regimes may result in higher equilibrium levels of inflation because they do not effectively discipline central bankers (ibid). CONCLUSION The monetary exchange rate of developing is characterized by a highly volatile and unstable exchange rate regime. Thus, it becomes difficult to adopt a fixed exchange rate regime, given the weak financial institutions in this category of countries. Furthermore, the embryonic state of capital market and other financial institutions in developing country further weakens the currency of these countries.Inflationary rate in developing countries are on the increase thus to stable the economy within shorter period, anticipating a short misalignment costs will be adequate for a government of a developing country to adopt a fixed exchange rate. On the hand to correct, a flexible exchange rate regime is suitable for a developing country in managing its economy currency stability over a longer period. The development of financial institutions and the consolidation of capital and money markets of developing country will aid them to embrace a feasible regime that would contribute to strengthen its currency value and ensure a vibrant economy.

Research Essay

Throughout this assignment I intend to plant an understanding and knowledge of question methodology. I pass on examine how question is utilized to support practice and policy. I ordain address interrogation terminology and the roles and responsibilities of the interrogationer. Our conference investigate project will be critic either(prenominal)y analysed. Kumar (2001) implies question is more than(prenominal) than a set of skills. explore is a port of thinking and examining the various facial expressions of your day-to-day professional work, understanding and formulating guiding principles that modulate a particular procedure. Research functions us to understand why things coiffe the way they do and why people act in a certain way. If carried out effectively, research tummy be imperative as it brings about change in policy and practice Burns (1972). The deuce predominant methods of research ar deuce-ace-figure and Qualitative research (Kumar,2001). These metho ds disaccord primarily in their analytical objective, the vitrine of questions they pose and the different methods of randomness exhibition. The following definition, realisen from Aliaga and Gunderson (2000,pg1), describes what we mean by quantitative research methods Quantitative research is Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that be analysed apply mathematically base methods in particular statistics. (Muijs,2011) Quantitative research is also described as traditional or empirical research, meaning that it is based upon observation, experimentation and measurement (Lambert). Qualitative research is usually a more detailed form of research and screwingnot usually be evince in terms of enactments. It often takes in to account peoples set, attitudes and opinions. The three most common qualitative research methods, are participant observation, in-depth interviews, and commission groups. Each method is particularly suited for obtaining a specific type of data. Lambert (2010, pg 256) infers that both qualitative and quantitative approaches can be feature in a single domain to improve depth and breadth.For the nominate of our small scale research project we apply a research question as opposed to a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a statement of assumption which will be tested in the research (Muijs,2011). A researchquestion is an initial statement to set the snapshot for exploratory research within an interpretivist framework. A questionnaire was used to gather data for our research project. Newby (2010) states questionnaires are amongst the most popular. The advantage of using a questionnaire in date collection is they are practical. A large amount of data can be collected from a group of people in a short period of sentence. The data can be expressed statistically. It is thus possible to make comparisons with opposite studies. The results of a questionnaire can be easily evaluated, analysed and quantified by the researcher (Bar lette & Burton, 2012). The disadvantages for this type of research is people may not be honest when filling out the questionnaire this could lead to the data provided beness false and in that respectfore invalid (ibid).The interview is the most openhanded data collection tool in qualitative research(Muijs,2011).When data has been quantified, it can be used to compare and contrast different research and may be used to measure change. Positivists retrieve that quantitative data can be used to create new theories and / or test animated hypotheses (ibid).Researchers are required to consider ethical motive in e really aspect of their conduct. The Belmont Report states the three fundamental ethical principles for using both man subjects for research are Respect for Persons, benevolence and Justice (U.S Department of health & Human go,1979.) The first of these principles meant that the researcher should treat the participant as an separatist person who should be kept fully i nformed at all ages. The researcher should also ensure that persons with reduced independence such as a child should be protected at all measures. Beneficence is included to ensure the benefits of being included in the research should outperform whatsoever negative violation to the participant. Justice implies that selection of the participants must be fair and those who are asked to participate should also benefit (Macfarlane & Bruce, 2009). Personal values and also professional values that researchers should use when carrying out a get wind, will be analysed. A code of ethics is a framework to do and advise us but ultimately it remains the responsibility of the undivided ( beforehand(predicate) childhood Australia,2010). Research ethics are a set of principles on how researchersshould conduct themselves when dealing with research participants. Denscombe (2007) states we must respect the rights and dignity of the participants, rescind harm to research participants and car ry out the research with honesty and integrity. jibe to Stonehouse (1991) a code of ethics is a statement about practice, or what we will strive to do. It is based on core values, or what we believe. There are a number of reasons it is authorised to conduct research in line with ethical standards it is a sign of respect for participants, other researchers and those who will use the research. A code of ethics is not enforced but it is something that we should adhere to.The Impact of Distance Learning on a Students Work and Home LifeIntroductionIn order to better understand what affect outer space reading has on the work and syndicate flavour of a student, students from the Education Department at Anglia Ruskin University in the second year of their Foundation Degree in previous(predicate) Years collated data from a research module seeking to attend the following question Does combining distance instruction and working film a negative impact on a students work and underst ructure life? The chosen method of data collection was via a questionnaire with the answers offering an explanation and understanding as to why students way to improve their early geezerhood discipline skills by going stick out to study and what take exceptions they causad.MethodThe research was a 10 minute questionnaire, enquire a mixture of both closed and open questions. A cabal of closed and open questions were used so allowing students to answer in a more efficient and accurate manner. Opinions from each of the kened students were as important as were the answers to the multiple choice questions. The questions asked related to a work and life balance, and sought- later on(a) to understand how students deal with the work and study balance.SampleThe results are a snap shot outlining the sort of pressure s go underd on students in terms of time, commitments and everyday lives. The results c overed how many hours a hebdomad were worked, where was the work concentraten, where did the students live and the time pressures on completing style work. It outlines the call challenges facing mature students who are looking to further their early years grooming and teaching occupational groups.EthicsTo ensure that all University protacals were observed, an introduction was provided outlining the arrest of the research and confirming what research the surveyed students were being asked to contribute. Confidentially was important so was the opportunity if occupyed to withdraw from the research at any time.ResultsThe results of the survey outline the time constraints and challenges faced by the students as they look to turn up their education and their public life grade 1 Gender of students.The in a higher place results showed that coke% of the surveyed students were female. Though we are unable to draw any direct conclusions from this, perchance females are more likely to return to early years education than their male counter parts. every(preno minal) were involved with early years education and so found the early years argument additional help to their working lives. run into 2 Age of StudentsThe supra outlines the age of the students. 75% of those surveyed were in the age range of 25 34. Though we cannot draw any direct conclusions from this, it would suggest that the 25 34 age range has the leaning to undertake further education whist working and looking after their children.The younger age groups perhaps are more interested in their social lives where the 44+ are perhaps to well established to go back to further education.Figure 3 Hours worked per calendar weekThe supra outlines the number of hours worked per week. This shows that the early years students are having to work quite long weeks whilst labour and finishing course work.Figure 4 Who do you live with?The above research shows that out of the surveyed students none soon reside at home with their parents. As 75% of them are from the 25 to 34 age demograp hic, they countenance all moved out from the parental home and are all residing with their partner, or with friends.Figure 5 How many children do you accommodate?The above shows that the students have a real cross section of the number of children they currently have. The older students are more likely to have had children, so making their daily working lives even harder to undertake the required course work.Reasons for embarking on this foundation courseThe students were asked why they were embarking on the foundation course, all respondents cited the need to gain further qualification in order to improve their chances of career progression.Some cited the need to complete their EYPS by 2015 allowing the student to move with an progression in their career prospects. Those with children were looking at the opportunity of also progressing their career but at a slightly older age. Some students were further by the in house focussing to undertake the course so improving their kno wledge and skills.Figure 6 how much research is undertaken?The above outlines how much research was undertaken before the students undertook the course. 25% admitted they had done very slender research and had relied on word of month from friends and past students. 25% admitted attendance an open day so they were better able to understand the course and the time requirements. The reminder was either advised by their managers to undertake the course or had done minimal research and joined the course anyway.Figure 7 Choice of cultivation.The majority said they did have a choice in how to study, but elected to undertake distance study. The be 25% who did not have a choice said that their working hours meant they were unable to take anytime out to attend face to face courses. If they had a choice, would they have attended face to face courses as opposed to opt for distance teaching?Out of the total sample, 75% said that work commitments were an curve in making the decision to un dertake distance learning with the remaining 25% declared this was the only option for projection and completing the course. whole the students equald that distance was more flexible and was a cheaper option.Figure 8 Effectiveness of distance learningThe research indicates that when the students were asked to compare distance learning having antecedently undertaken face to face learning, they all agreed that distance learning was worse. The students found it more difficult to express opinions over distance learning and missed the one to one question opportunity. Better communication via face to face because information was taken in and understood more easily. The despatch of response was thought to be quicker and better via face to face with greater accuracy and clarity in theanswers.The students were asked if distance learning allowed discussions to take on a greater degree of thought and reflections, with 50% dictum yes it did, and 50% saying no it did not.Figure 9 How many hours per week do you study?The total number of hours per week fork upn over to studying is split, with 50% of the surveyed saying 5 to 10 hours, whilst the remaining 50% saying 10 plus hours per week.The end could be down to level of experience, age, ease of distance learning or just the time it takes to undertake assignments. Each individual will have key skill bases that will allow then to complete the projects in different timelines, hence the difference in hours per week worked.Using the Likert scale (Newby,2010) the results were conclusive that students felt 1 module per half term would improve the balance between study and home.In completing the modules, 75% either agreed or strongly agreed that completing one module per half term as opposed to two over a term certainly modify the study/home life balance, with 25% saying they did not agree nor disagree.This comes back to being able to prioritize their workload more successfully as they have a clear goal in a defined timel ine, as opposed to a longer timeline where better time management could well be needed.Figure 10 When do you study?The survey group had different work patterns, with 50% working at weekend, 25% in the week and 25% working across both. This would credibly be driven by their respective home life, their career, if they have children and wherethey lived. canvass time would have to fit in around many other external factors.All the surveyed agreed that the study time affected their home or social life. The younger individuals lost out on time meeting friends and going out and all agreed that weekend life with its need to undertake family and home jobs meant that their time was really squeezed. Time management was a key to getting all of the modules finished and in on time.In terms of hobbies, all agreed that they had and enjoyed taking part in their hobbies, whether it was in the week or at weekends. Out of the survey, 50% stated that these were severely affected and the remaining 50% s aid that they were affected. Hobby time spent was certainly reduced with 50% saying that the distance learning had a significant affect on how much time they could perpetrate pursuing their hobbies over a given week.The surveyed also found that their employers had very different reactions to their distance learning, with 75% being given no supernumerary time off to help with their studies, and 25% being helped by their employer. The 25% who were helped were allowed on average one study day off per week.Figure 11 Is the study having a confirmatory effect in your piece of work?Interestingly 50% said that the learning experience was having a positive effect on their work place, with 50% being unsure.The positive impact allowed the newly gained knowledge to be used in the work place with positive effects, helping day to day running of work, cascading more information down to other staff members, additional responsibility being enjoyed and the customary acceptance that the new learn ing was having a positive impact of the oeuvre and fellow colleagues.In terms of dealing with the pressure of distance learning, all of those surveyed said they felt that the support they received as part of the online group did not help them deal with the added pressure and workload from theextra learning.This could be down to the whole new experience of distance learning where previously they had the face to face time, where issues could be discussed and closures found. Now if there are any issues, then the individual must try to find a solution themselves and so are potentially feeling more isolated and pressured.75% did feel that having a mentor aided them in their day to day studies, where 25% were unsure. Again this could be down to the new experience of undertaking distance learning with the individuals taking to time to understand how to best use the mentor. As this process develops so the mentor could well be used more in a way to help find solutions to ongoing issues and problems. The mentor when asked had a great deal of knowledge, but the issue was comfort how best to use them.All of the surveyed felt that having a mentor in no way helped them in reducing the number of hours they had to work. The mentor was there to help with specific questions, not to help with larger problem understand hence reducing the number of hours that had to be worked.All of the surveyed felt with the orgasm of modern technology development, distance learning will play an important part for our future generations.It was felt that individuals could go back and study without having to give up their jobs, the studying would be more convenient for them and their families, older students would not have to sit in a classroom with younger students so having perhaps a confidence issue and generally the feeling was being able to study at a time and in an surroundings that was more suited to the individual.ReflectionThe undertaken research and related results were indeed a ver y worthwhile process that yielded some frank and interesting points of view. With any form of research, hindsight plays an important part when reviewing thequestions, the questionnaire, the sample size and the overall results. The information allowed the survey to demonstrate a view that distance learning on the home/work life balance is truly a challenge particularly when looking at the relative age and social ready of the surveyed. The questionnaire included a number of dichotomous questions giving clear coercive responses (Cohen,Manion & Morrison,2011). Open questions gave participants an opportunity to write down their opinions generating qualitative data(Kumar,2001).Research ethics as described by Blaxter et al. cited in Bell (2005) is about being clear about the nature of the agreement with the research participants. Clear book of instructions and the overarching ethics of the research meant there was no poor interpretation.Sample sizes are always important and so the large r the sample size the more accurate and more believable the results become. Quality of the samples then becomes of paramount vastness so though the sample size is small, the results are accurate and are a true reflection on what was reported within the questionnaire.All data collection and results interpretation proved to be fairly dependable forward mainly as the sample size was small and the surveyed students were volition to share their views and spend time accurately filling out the questionnaire.ReferencesBarlette & Burton , S & D (2012) Researching education . London Sage.Bell, J (2005) Doing your Research Project . fourth ed. Berkshire Open University Press.Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011) Research Methods in Education . 7th ed. Oxon Routledge.Early Childhood Australia (2010) Code of Ethics literature review OnlineAvailable at http//www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au Accessed 25 November 2013Kumar, R (2011) Research Methodology. 3rd ed. Great Britain SAGE Publ ications Ltd.Lambert, E.B (2003) Introducing Research to Early Childhood Students. Australia Social Science Press.Sage (2010) Introduction to quantitative research Online Available at http//www.sagepub.com Accessed 27 November 2013U.S Department of Health & Human Services (1979) The Belmont Report Online Available at http//www.hhs.gov Accessed 1 December 2013Weatherall, S. (2013) Research terms, MOD001251 Research 1 . Print Anglia Ruskin University, Unpublished.