Extended-Range Electric Vehicle

extended- barf Electric VehicleAbstractThe main clinical of this research is to extend the course of an voltaic fomiteto subdue a requisite remoteness with minimum usage of energy at least cost. This isdone by coupling an internal combustion engine to a generator which will illthe batteries, when the missionary work level of the batteries comes down.Extended Range Electric Vehicle1 BackgroundExtended- hold voltaic vehicles (EREV) Extended-range electric vehicles (EREV) arethe part of vehicles which run on electricity and a generator which is indexed by either petrol or diesel. The generator is non use to run the vehicle whereas it helps in chargingthe battery when charge goes less than 30%. The term extended range is used to indicatethat range of vehicle travel can be increased and this can be accomplished by using theabove method. 9The normal electric vehicles are the ones which run only on the battery and when thecharge depletes, we select to _nd a charging point and need to wait until it gets fully supercharged before continuing the travel. This type of vehicle is more suitable for short hold travel as this kind of vehicle will be having lesser range, when compared to othervehicles which runs on fuel.The other kind of vehicles that are more recently organism used is intercrossed vehicle. This ispowered by combination of petrol or diesel engine and a battery 10. The propulsionsystem will commonly be of more than one type. When charge runs out of the battery theinternal combustion engine starts to work to power the vehicle and vice versa.2 literature Review2.1 IntroductionThe Extended Range Electric Vehicle (E-REV) is a unique kind of vehicle, where batteryand internal combustion engine necessary for propulsion are sized in a way such that theengine will not be required for the vehicle operation when there is abounding charge in thebattery. There is no need to start the engine for any power or speed requirement. Theonly time the engine is used is to charge the battery when the charge depletes and becomes incapable of driving any further. 1Electric motors are more e_cient when compared to internal combustion engine withvery high power-to-weight ratios which provides required torque when driving over awide speed range. On the other hand internal combustion engines are e_cient when itoperates at a unbroken speed. The working of internal combustion engine is more complicated when compared to electric motor 8. The main advantage of using E-REV is thefuel consumption is saved as very little fuel is used to charge the battery. The bene_tis to both the people and society as running cost is reduced and on the other and the contaminant from the vehicle is minimized.The main problem with the fuel powered vehicles is the energy consumption is high. Energy production worldwide is growing annually by 2% as the demand is increasing dueto population growth and industrial activities.In this situation Electric Vehicles provide a very good means of transportation. And hushwe dont prefer electric vehicles because of their poor range, even the best electric icebreakershaving a range of only 40km in real world conditions. This is one of the main disadvantages of electric vehicles/ scooters. In the present year due to depletion of fossil fuels,electric vehicle provide a clean flair of transportation. Since, these vehicles soul utilizeselectricity for the transportation purpose, need of fossil fuel derivatives like gasoline anddiesel are avoided. 3But battery operated vehicles (electric vehicles) have an uncertainty with respect to thedistance travelled for a give charge level (range). In most of the cases the charge maynot be su_cient to unfold the desired distance which will fail the objective.The main objective of EREV is to achieve larger distance with minimum usage of energyat least cost by taking electric scooter as a source. The solution will go like this- Couplingan Internal Combustion (IC) Engine to a g enerator (mobile type) which will charge thebatteries, when the charge level of the batteries comes down. So while travelling, if thecharge level comes down, IC engine will be turned ON and generator will charge thebatteries until _nding a plug in source. 7In this IC engine is coupled with a Permanent Magnet Direct Current (PMDC) motor(which acts as a generator) and the whole set is attach on the foot board of the electricscooter. Connections are made between the generator and batteries with a charging lap covering (to avoid load uctuation).In this _rst IC engine (Petrol/Kerosene run, 3000 rpm, and 1.1 kW) is mounted on thefoot board of an electric scooter. It can also be fabricated and placed under the seat, ifthe engine is beautiful and portableThen Flywheel of IC engine is connected to a PMDC Motor (60V, 5 amps 3000 RPM),the power developed at the ywheel was coupled to the PMDC Motor through the VBelt drive and a rated power output of 300 W (60V x 5A).The connections were giv en to the batteries through a charging circuit which helps indeveloping the required current levels. Here 4 x 12V series connected batteries need tobe charged which requires 1.2 x 48 which is equal to 57.6V and hence 60V PMDC Motoris used. And this is because of potential difference drop on application of load.2.2 ScopeImproved e_ciency(RANGE)Increased energy securityDecreased EmissionsReduced travel costsEngine can be detached for shorter distancePetroleum used is less2.3 Some of the challenges areCharging time is more 2Measuring fuel economy is di_cultneed of extra pose in the vehicleLimited weight carrying capacityNeeds more space for the engineInitial high investmentContents FeaturesRange 40-50 Kms croak speede 40Km/hrCharging Time 4-6 hoursBrakes 4 meter braking distanceMotor type Permanent magnet synchronous motorMotor driving power 500W onslaught Sealed lead acid, 12V 17Ah in series2.4 Components Of Extended Range Electric VehicleFig-2.1 Components of E-REVThere are two ope ration modes the pure electric vehicle (EV) mode and the range extended electric vehicle mode. For daily short-distance travel, the vehicle operates in purebattery EV mode without the range extender. At weekend, you can assemble the rangeextender on the EV for a long distance travel.The generator set is controlled with constant speed and its output is constant emfand frequency, such as 220V, 50Hz. The output of the generator set is connected to theinterface of the charger. Unlike a conventional generator set, this generator set providesrated output by controlling the output current of the charger. This ensures that the generator set works at the highest e_cient point and has a low emission. The battery canalso be charged by the charger with a household outlet or fast charged at charging station.Percentage of EV mode driving determined by total distance driven beyond vehicles all electric range 35 miles of each segment would be driven in EV mode ifAll charging events end with a full batteryVehicles EV mode range is exactly 35 milesOf course EV mode operation varies found on charging duration, power level, batterystate of charge at beginning of charge, driving style, conditions, etc.62.5 Distance between charging events v/s Percentage of vehiclesIt is very valuable to note that about 32% of Electric vehicles o_er a range or distancecovered per charge of about 40-45 kms.To cover any distance beyond the normal range, the Electric vehicle has to be chargedonce again using a Plug-In source which is the main drawback of the electric vehicle whichis need to be recti_ed.2.6 Ending State Of Charge (SOC) v/s Percentage of charging unitsFrom the below graph it is inferred that about 90% of the recharging event happens athome location, meaning that if the range of Electric vehicle is about 40km, then they endup in home before completing 40km to recharge.This is one of the biggest disadvantages which hinder the use of Electric water scooter.62.7 Charging go Speci_catio ns12V Battery Maximum voltage for charging is 14.5 VoltsCharging Current Maximum charging current should not exceed 10% of maximum A/Hcapacity of Battery.Example For 100AH Battery10% = 100/10= 10A.In the experiment 12V / 17AH battery is used.Maximum Charging Current I = 17/10 = 1.7 A.Minimum Charging Voltage V = 2.35 V /Cell x 6= 14.10 VThis means for four batteries,= 14.10 x 4= 56 V2.8 OutcomeFirst, the cost required to travel 80 kms in a gasoline scooter is calculated for whichcost comes around AUD 6.Next Conventional Electric scooter for which the experiment is conducted tookabout AUD 1 (Cost of Current) to cover the same distance.The main disadvantage is to _nd the plug-in source after the use of _rst chargewhich is about 40kms. Then covering 80kms in a single stretch is not possible.Then Extended Range Electric Scooter is used and the cost came around AUD 2to travel the same distance.Here it runs as an electric scooter for _rst 40km and once the charge is empty, thenthe IC Engi ne-PMDC Motor setup is switched on mechanically to travel the next40km.2.9 Features of the electric scooterPower Consumption star Unit (for complete charge).Safe speed and easy to drive.Low maintenance cost.2 seater vehicle (The vehicle is designed to carry a maximum encumbrance of 130 kgs.)For shorter distance engine can be removed and can run only on electricity.3 MethodologyFig-3.1 Electric scooter with Range Extender timbre 1 Mounting an IC engine (Petrol/Kerosene run, 3000 rpm, and 1.1kW) on thefoot board of an electric scooter.STEP 2 Flywheel of IC engine is connected to a PMDC Motor.STEP 3 The power developed at the ywheel was coupled to the PMDC Motor throughthe V Belt drive.STEP 4 The connections were given to the batteries through a charging circuit whichhelps in developing the required current levels.STEP 5 When the charge indicator shows charge is less, IC engine will be turned ONmechanically.STEP 6 PMDC Motor will produce electricity to maintain the battery level unti l _nd-ing a plug in source.STEP 7 The power developed from the engine generates electricity through the PMDCmotor and charges the batteries through the Charging Circuit. The charging circuitcharges the batteries at the rate of 3 A.STEP 8 The Scooter will be tested for the improved range.4 Conclusion and SummaryBased on the tests carried out to extend the range of the electric scooter as explained inthe previous chapter and within the scope of this investigation the following conclusionshave been drawn.1. Initially the Electric scooter runs on Battery charge completely and when the chargeis low, the IC engine runs the scooter by charging the batteries simultaneously.2. The range of electric scooter is e_ectively increased by using IC Engine PMDCsetup through the charging circuit.3. The range of Extended Range Electric Vehicle(E-REV) is comparatively more thanthe conventional Electric vehicles.4. On conducting tests with varying some of the parameter following observations ismadeWhen input current(amps) to the charging circuit increases, the time taken tocharge the batteries decreases.5. On the basis of comparison between the results obtained of Extended Range Electric Vehicle(E-REV) and conventional Electric Scooter it is clear that the distancecovered per charge is comparatively more for E-REV.References1 Extended-range electric vehicles (E-REV)https//www.goultralow.com/more-about-electric-cars/types-of-vehicles/range-extended/2 Beginners guide to electric cars The Charging Pointhttp//www.thechargingpoint.com/beginners-guide.html/3 Techsplanations Extended-Range Electric Vehicleshttp//www.autoblog.com/2013/12/20/extended-range-electric-vehicles/4 Low-noise range extender dispels battery runtime angsthttp//www.rheinmetall-automotive.com/en/products/range-extender/5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)http//www.ieahev.org/about-the-technologies/plug-in-hybrid-electric-vehicles/6 Research gatehttp//www.researchgate.net/_gure/279853330-_g5-Figure-5-Distributi on-of-distance-driven-per-vehicle-day-on-days-when-the-vehicle-was7 Hybrids explained Mild v Full v Plug-in v Extended Range Electric Vehiclehttp//www.caradvice.com.au/279850/hybrids-explained-mild-v-full-v-plug-in-v-extended-range-electric-vehicle/8 Electric Cars De_ning Battery-Electrics, Plug-In Hybrids, Range-Extendedhttp//www.greencarreports.com/news/1098066-electric-cars-de_ning-battery-electrics-plug-in-hybrids-range-extended-more/9 Extended Range Electric Cars (E-REV) Doing away with Range Anxietyhttp//www.thegreenage.co.uk/extended-range-electric-cars-doing-away-with-range-anxiety/10 Electric vehicle range https//www.ergon.com.au/network/smarter-energy/electric-vehicles/electric-vehicle-range/